The Effects Of Verbal Abuse During Childhood On Adult...

Effects of Verbal Abuse During Childhood on Adult Behavior Raquel Rodriguez Bloomfield College Page Break Abstract This study examined the effects of growing up with verbal abuse on adult behavior. Forty one Bloomfield college students were given surveys to fill out that asked them to rate their childhood experiences regarding verbal abuse, and their behavior on a 1 to 5 scale (from never to frequently). We predicted that people who were verbally abused during their childhood, had an aggressive demeanor in adulthood. According to our research, we discovered that participants who reported they acted aggressively and got into altercations were verbally abused during their childhood or witnessed someone being verbally abused. Page Break Effects of Verbal Abuse During Childhood on Adult Behavior When most people think of abuse they think of something physical. Verbal abuse is a serious issue that not enough attention is paid to it. To be verbally abused means being attacked with words that injure an individual, word that cause someone to believe false statements of themselves. The aim for this study was to find a relationship between verbal abuse during childhood and adult behavior. Previous research suggest that individuals who’ve experienced verbal abuse during their childhood suffered behavioral issues. Researchers have found a relationship between verbal abuse and bipolar disorder. Many findings shown how physical and sexual abuse cause bipolarShow MoreRelatedChildhood Abuse And Child Abuse1003 Words   |  5 PagesChild abuse is a topic that not many feel comfortable discussing. It goes to reason then, that the abuse one has faced during their childhood is a topic that is also rarely discussed. When a person brings up the situations in which they had been abused as a child, many people will uncomfortably change the subject while giving their condolences. However, childhood abuse can greatly affect future of the adults who have suffered it. Abuse is defined by the Oxford Dictionary (2017) as: cruel and violentRead MoreThe Psychological Effects of Child Abuse731 Words   |  3 PagesPsychological Effects of Child Abuse A recent study has found that five children die daily, due to abuse and neglect. According to the World Health Organization, â€Å"Studies show that psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior are side effects of violence towards infants and younger children. Some of damaging behavior caused by abuse includes the following: Depression, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, anxiety disorders, aggression and violence towards others, risky sexual behaviors and post-traumaticRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Childhood Abuse1562 Words   |  7 Pages Childhood experiences and attachments are crucial to our emotional development. Children around this country are abused and neglected every second. â€Å"Childhood maltreatment also represents a serious public health concern, with an estimated 3.3 million referrals to child protective agencies for suspected child maltreatment in 2005† (Bentley Widom, 2009). Those children who are abused eventually become adults whom suffered from childhood trauma. Although a trauma may be considered to be in the pastRead MoreThere Are Many Different Forms Of Child Sexual Abuse. Sexual1436 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different forms of child sexual abuse. Sexual abuse can be perpetrated by a relative or a stranger. But the most common of sexual abuse is committed by a beloved relative. Ratican (1992) defines childhood sexual abuse is a sexual act performed over and over between an adult and child (1992). The effects of childhood sexual abuse can last into adulthood and effect the way that a person thinks or their outlook of life. The effect of this act has a negative impact on the psychologicalRead MoreEssay on Child Abuse and Neglect1710 Words   |  7 Pagesbiblical times. During recent years child maltreatment has had an increase in the publics eye. There are many factors to child maltreatment. There are four general categories of child maltreatment now recognized. They are physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and emotional maltreatment. Each category, in turn, covers a range of behavior. The maltreatment of children not only affects the children themselves, but also affects the family by making it dysfunctional. Physical Abuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PhysicalRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Women1599 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant social issue because it negatively affects both the abuser and the victim. In the article, â€Å"Domestic Violence and Abuse: Types, Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Effects,† the authors, Benedictis, Jaffe, and Segal, claim that, â€Å"Domestic abuse is not a result of losing control; domestic abuse is intentionally trying to control another person. The abuser is purposefully using verbal, nonverbal, or physical means to gain control over the other person† (Benedictis, Jaffe, Segal 1). Desiring control overRead MoreEmotional Trauma Within The Family1568 Words   |  7 Pages Emotional Trauma within the Family Parental substance abuse directly affects the emotional well-being of children within the family. It is estimated that one in four children in the United States are exposed to a family member’s alcohol abuse or dependence, and one in six children lives with a parent who has used illicit drugs in the past year (Journal of Child and Family Social Work). Children exposed to parental substance abuse are at an increased risk for various problems such as, emotionalRead MoreAccording To Federal Law Child Abuse Is Deemed As Any Type1327 Words   |  6 Pages According to federal law child abuse is deemed as any type of current act or failure to act upon on the part of a parent or caretaker which can result in death, serious physical or emotional pain, sexually explicit abuse or exploitation or an action or failure of an action in which anything presents an imminent risk of serious harm. According to the journal of Family Violence every year 3.3 to 10 million children endure and witness abuse and violence in their homes. Research also shows that evenRead MoreA Report On An Acute Crisis Stabilization Unit1309 Words   |  6 Pages1) re-experiencing, which can manifest itself as nightmares, flashbacks, or reactivity; 2) avoidance, which can present itself as denial, refusal to answer questions, social withdrawal, and even substance abuse; and 3) hyperarousal, which can take the form of irritability, insomnia, and verbal aggression. Avoidance can shield patients from experiencing shame, minimize emotional arousal, preserve self-esteem, and offer a sense of safety. Unfortunately, it can also hamper the healthy resolution ofRead More Sexuality962 Words   |  4 Pagesand interactions that are defining features of romantic intimacy. (Fering 2009) Child sexual abuse (CSA) is defined in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences as any [sexual] action that is inflicted upon or must be tolerated by a child against their own will or any [sexual] action about which the child cannot make a decision due to their physical, emotional, mental, and verbal inferiority. Statistics for the prevalence of CSA range from anywhere from 15 to 25 percent

Marilyn Monroe s Fight Against Mental Disorder - 1468 Words

Marilyn Monroe’s Fight Against a Mental Disorder One of the most famous and iconic women in history, known by the name of Marilyn Monroe, lived a life of a star in the views of thousands of fans. From her beauty to her beautiful, bubbly personality, and the fame she acquired through movies and photographs might be the world to many, but for Marilyn it was worthless. Her exterior expressed happiness and pure bliss in front of the cameras, but nobody seem to pay attention to what was going on in her head much less her mental wellbeing. Her mental problems escalated with time and lead to her untimely death at the age of thirty-six (Bingaman, 2012). The news of her death shocked many, but more over the fact that she killed herself with an overdose (â€Å"A psychological†, 2014). During this time, therapeutic interventions used during her time were ill-conceived and implemented, which in a different setting could have possibly saved her life (Doll, 2007). After her death, in formation about her early life gave a sign that Marilyn Monroe had a predisposition to a mental disorder, which only worsen over time expressed in her inability to have a normal-stable life. Marilyn Monroe was born as Norma Jeane Mortenson on June 1, 1926, by her mother Gladys Pearl Baker (Doll, 2007). Norma Jeane began her life without her father as he disappeared before her birth (Doll, 2007). The unfortunate events of Norma Jeane began when she was placed in a foster home after her mother wasShow MoreRelatedDorothy Dandridge : African American Woman1979 Words   |  8 Pagestime, the early 1930’s through the 1960’s, that was saying something. Racism was a lot worse then what it is now, but it made it harder for African Americans to achieve their goals, especially African American women. Dorothy was very worth looking up to now and when she was alive. Dorothy Dandridge is a contribution to African American history because she was the first African American woman to be nominated for an Academy Award for best actress, how she fought all odds against her, mainly racismRead MoreBeauty and the Media2805 Words   |  12 PagesFifty years ago, the ideal woman was slightly plump, big-breasted, and rosy. In fact, the dominant ideal of female beauty was exemplified by Marilyn Monroe- hardly your androgynous, athletic, adolescent type. At the peak of her popularity, Monroe was often described as ‘femininity incarnate, ‘femaleness embodied (Susan Bordo 127). Marilyn Monroe was the 1950s ideal woman. She did not feel the need to maintain a child-like appearance or be overly athletic like we feel the need to be today. When sheRead MoreViolence And Sexual Content And The Media2947 Words   |  12 Pagescontinue to influence change well into the early 1900’s. During in 1914- 1918 World War 1 propaganda started censorship and had more technology. Then in 1923 Time Magazine made a debut and ATT was able to link two radio stations making the first network. 1950’s was called the â€Å"Golden Age of Television† and television shows such as â€Å"I Love Lucy† and the Andy Griffith show appeared on TV. In 1953 Playboy magazine was introduced with Marilyn Monroe as the first centerfold. As time moved on you was ableRead More Anorexia Essay3393 Words   |  14 Pageslife. Body image obsession, self-devotion, attention grabbing, selfishness, are all attributes which keenly describe anorexia in the eyes of the media and most hospital institutions. It is that view point which affect modern societies view eating disorders, and anorexia in particular. Examples can be found in the recent attention paid towards anorexia, most of this well deserved attention, however, is not positive. Sketches on television viewed by the programming of such shows as Saturday NightRead MoreEssay on Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura3891 Words   |  16 Pagesbetween television violence and aggressive behavior. Consider the case of Tyler Richie, a shy 10-year-old boy who has been raised on a Saturday-morning diet of superheroes. After school hes absorbed for an hour in helping Nintendos Mario Brothers fight their way out of danger. He then catches the last half of a Rockford Files rerun on a local station and sees that even mild mannered James Garner regards violence as the best option when his Pappie is in trouble. After dinner, Ty laughs at the fakeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle Rive r, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIon

Motivation As A Foundation For All Sports Around The World

Motivation forms a foundation for all sports around the world. (Spray, Wang, Biddle Chatzisarantis 2006).It is of vital importance for athletes to improve the degree of determination and desire of sporting performance, because it can be the decisive factor for emotional control, strengthening attention, improving confidence and degree of loving sports. For an individual to become the best in any sports activity, motivation is crucial as it helps him or her to do the necessary to maximize his or her ability for better performances. As a result, the athlete can implement and attain his or her planned goals. In addition, motivation is important in sports as it conditions the psychic state of an athlete, thus problems associated with the†¦show more content†¦For better performance in any sport, an individual must have that desire to develop as a sports participant, and be willing to maintain all positive efforts until the planned goals and objectives are implemented. In sports, motivation is imperative, as it is the only aspect that can be controlled by the participant during any performance. Various aspects like ability, competition difficulties, and motivation influence performance. An individual is born with his or her ability. Thus, it is impossible to change it and cannot be controlled. Difficulties in the competition may be because of the opponent’s ability or external factors like weather, away games, and the crowd. This also is out of control of an individual. Motivation, on the other hand, influences performance and can be controlled. The level of success achieved by an athlete is directly influenced by motivation. An individual who is highly motivated to improve his or her performances put more effort and time necessary for performance improvement. At the beginning of any competition, motivation affects how an athlete will perform. For example, if the competition involves opponents of equal capabilities, motivation will determine the results more than the ability. Here, athletes who do not give up, perform at their best and work hard attain the best outcomes. Therefore, the fact that an individual can be active or passive by nature, indifferent or

Different Methods Of Assessment At University Education

Introduction As an increasing number of students are studying at university level which has become a common topic for discussion today. More and more researchers pay close attention to this as well as the forms or methods of assessment. Universities across the globe have a variety of methods. Different methods of assessment accomplish distinct aims, and students should be tested with different forms of assessments according to their learning styles. This essay will discuss whether there should be greater flexibility in forms or methods of assessment at university education. The aims of education Education is the most important and effective way to help individuals develop and socially progress. People establish their own concept of the†¦show more content†¦Education has provided people with equal opportunities to appreciate and understand this world with their own thought, concerning the beauty of nature, and comprehension of past experiences, which they can analyse and find a solution. The aims of university education are to develop students’ skills for learning and assist them to immerse themselves deeply in society (Swain, 2011). Generally, people learn the basic problem-solving skills in kindergarten, but due to the expectations of the future, such as having a better quality of life, they intend to go to university to master life and job related skills. In the early stages of university, students are expected to learn the professional knowledge in the field they study in, and in the final year, university will give students opportunities to apply for the internship at popular companies or organisations. Those work experiences will have beneficial effects on the students’ career development and help them to adapt to society easier after graduation. Various forms or methods of assessment achieve different purpose 1. Traditional written assessments: Most universities use traditional written assessments as methods to evaluate students’ learning outcomes, including open-book and closed-book final exams, essays and reports. Those methods always help students gain speculative knowledge and practical skills which are necessary for them to master and promote their writing ability. As an example, open-book and

The Conception Of Morality Is Present Throughout Human...

Everette Somers Amie Zimmer PHIL 101 Essay 4 The conception of morality is present throughout human civilization. In every society, there exists a paradigm for how one should act. From a broad perspective, it seems that there are some moral principles which are ubiquitous. There are certain activities or behaviors which are believed to be objectively wrong by the majority of individuals across cultures, such as murder, lying, stealing, and betrayal. This indicates that there are virtues—respect for human life, honesty, loyalty—which are inherent in these specific moral principles, as well as cross-cultural. Considering this, it is easy for one to submit to the notion that there is an absolute moral code which dictates human behavior. Conversely, closer inspection reveals that the moral codes of individual societies are widely variable, which makes these universal virtues difficult to recognize or seemingly irrelevant. Although it is evident that there are values which are present within all cultur es, this apparent universality is not sufficient evidence that humans possess an innate moral instinct. Hence, there is no absolute moral code which is innate, but there are moral principles which seem to be intrinsic to human society, as well as universal throughout history and across cultures. These principles are not â€Å"hard-wired† into biological systems, nor are they handed to us by a transcending source, but they arise from fundamental human nature through interaction with ourShow MoreRelatedLegal Positivism Vs. Law Of Nature1285 Words   |  6 Pagesv. the Law of Nature Legal philosophy has changed dramatically throughout the years; many theories have evolved and are still supported to this day. Concepts such as values, morality, desires, and reason all come into play when law is defined. Law is a very difficult word to define; what exactly is it and where does it come from? To understand the idea of law, one must also understand how humans have evolved. From the beginning, humans have been forming groups for survival; either they were frightenedRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean-Jacques RousseauDiscourse On Inequality997 Words   |  4 Pagesdetrimental to humans as well as the difference between amour propre and amour de soi when it comes to sexual desire. As stated amour de soi means love of self, but Rousseau says that has to do with a mans â€Å"pre-reflective selfs self-conception and the desire it has for its own self-preservation.† (Chazan, pg.342) Amour de soi is more of an instinct of ones sense of self in nature, and with this is what he believes that the â€Å"natural man† encompassed. In his opinion â€Å"natural man† had morality and a senseRead MoreThe Foundation of Society: Common Morals1383 Words   |  6 Pagesperhaps the inspiration for these three rights when he expressed his idea that all people were free and equal. He wrote that man was born with the right to â€Å"preserve himself, his liberty and property† (Locke). These codes, laws, and rights expressed throughout the ages may not be identical, but they are all based on the same basic idea that we have the freedom to do what it takes to be happy and preserve what is ours. We have the right to life. The idea of the equality of all people has become mostlyRead More The Application of Utopia in Brave New World Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesillustrates the loss of morality when established standards are replaced by amoral criteria.   In his novel, Huxley criticizes the practical applications of Utopia in actual society. Huxleys depiction of love, science, and religion support the ineffectiveness of implementing Utopia in everyday life.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Brave New World, Huxley shows contempt for the human emotion of love.   The people that make up his imaginary society have no conception of love or any otherRead MoreCriticism of Practical Application of Utopia in Brave New World1192 Words   |  5 PagesHuxleys Brave New World illustrates the loss of morality when established standards are replaced by amoral criteria. In his novel, Huxley criticizes the practical applications of Utopia in actual society. Huxleys depiction of love, science, and religion support the ineffectiveness of implementing Utopia in everyday life. In Brave New World, Huxley shows contempt for the human emotion of love. The people that make up his imaginary society have no conception of love or any other passion, and actuallyRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Truth And Knowledge Essay2371 Words   |  10 PagesThere is a reoccurring theme in the history of the world that every civilization has contributed to: it is the endless pursuit of truth and knowledge. The pursuit has never been about reaching a destination or an end point, or about acquiring all the truth and knowledge there is to acquire. Men have learned early on that the universe it too vast to unearth all its mysteries. However, throughout this pursuit, men have also learned about the limitations of their own understandings, the setbacks ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Billy Budd1632 Words   |  7 Pagesepitomizes the narrator’s conception of evil. While Melville may seem to mock religion, he mocks the narrator’s incorrigible rectitude, which inaccurately recounts events as well as unfoundedly adheres to Captain Vere’s justifications. Billy Budd emerges as the perfect sailor with a phenomenal physique and an outstanding moral code. In the narrator’s perception, Budd surpasses all other sailors and seems to have a supernal influence on the ship. Budd’s beauty radiates throughout his entire form; andRead MoreEveryman: The play1213 Words   |  5 Pagessuch a profound word. It is a burdened, aggressive, penetrating word that replicates an actuality that every human will have to come to accept. Death is an adversary in the play that signifies physical death. The author recognizes the consequences of death and uses that knowledge to bring in the reader. In Everyman, the author portrays the character Death as a symbolic exemplification of human death and the reader sees that â€Å"Death† does not surpass anyone, it is in God’s hands, and it convicts onesRead MoreMoral Code Of Self Independent And Only Trust1794 Words   |  8 Pageshis life like a free spirit whereas Wells lives to serve o rders. He doesn’t take order from people. He lives up to his moral code of self-independent and only trust himself. His arrest and injury portray his failure to acknowledge the corruption of human selfish act. He learns that his fate is inevitable when his death approaches him just the same as Wells. He is certainly not going to do the same again like Wells â€Å"[who is] giving up things for years to get here.† Chigurh detects that since Wells’Read MoreChange in American Social Values in Thomas Mertons Rain and the Rhinoceros and Fire Watch1697 Words   |  7 Pageslife while at the same time promoting social change. Yet, his writing style strongly reflects the modernist thinkers he studied while at Columbia. The paper shall focus on the essays â€Å"Rain and the Rhinoceros† and â€Å"Fire Watch, July 4, 1952,† and present passages from his journals. It will also draw attention from other sources other than Merton’s own. Finally, it will conclude with the ideas of the author. ‘It will talk as long as it wants, this rain.’ â€Å"But they must know that there is wetness

Social Movements

Question: Write an essay on Social movements. Answer: Social movements are purposeful movements which are organized and directed towards bringing about a drastic social change. The social change which is brought thereby is essentially brought to serve some kind of desirable change in the society. Although the economic sphere and the social sphere are deemed as two different entities, they are explained to be self-complementary in the theories of three great sociologists- Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emily Durkheim. On the one hand, Marx believed that economy I the very base of a society that is the ultimate determinant of societal superstructure. On the other hand, to weber, the society is nothing but an extension of the society, while to Durkheim, economy is one social institution that the society is composed of (Marshall et al. 2013 p 2) Marxism: Marx believed that each society has a ruling class and that particular section determines the ideology of that particular society. In collaboration with Engels, Marx wrote The German ideology, where the two authors reinforced the definition of ideology, as not something that is inherently right, but something that serves the purpose of a the dominant section of the society. According to Marx, ideology, in any society acts as a superstructure, where the socio-economic condition of the prevalent era is but only a base. According to Marx, the cultural production of the era will always comply with the thought pattern of the ruling class (Anderson 2016 p 15). Furthermore, Marx pointed out that the era of Feudalism was not an extinct concept in the prevalent era. The capitalist society of the eighteenth Century is an extension of the feudal form of society. While the feudal sections are no longer present, the society of the time, is clearly divided into two sections- the Bourgeoisie and th e Proletariat. While the former class, are the owners of the means of production, belonging to the group of traditional exploiters, the latter are the workers, who are exploited, in the process of offering their labor. Marx upholds that the proletariats are educated with the false ideology, something that gets reflected in the literature, philosophy or the legal system of the prevalent era. As Herbert Mercuse has also affirmed that the proletariats will be usually educated in terms of their thought process and opinion formation, in accordance with the capitalist theory. As such, even if the exploited section is trying to raise their voice, their views will be to a great extent conforming to the ideology and the principles of the exploiter section of the society (McMurthry 2015 p 32). Whether it is a matter of a religious institution, or an educational institution, the principal of the dominant class of the society will be found to possess a voice, and rigid control. Marx believes th at owing to this control over the ideology of the state, the stability of the ruling party is never brought into question. However, once the oppressed section starts understanding the process of exploitation they have undergone for ages, they start questioning the ideology of the ruling class; from this, emerges the revolutionary ideas of the proletariats which directly pose a challenge and threat to the activities, and age-old concepts of the bourgeois class of people (Parekh 2014 p 110).To the bourgeois section, labor is just another commodity, it is another means of production, and hence the exploitation can be carried out on the laborers, by increasing their working hours, reducing their wages, and offering them low quality working condition . However, as less opportunity of education is offered to the exploited section of the society, in very much consonance with the ideology of the ruling class to stop them from revolt, they cannot take up the necessary step. But gradually, wi th the formation of rad unions, materialization of a revolutionary idea, they aspire and strive to emancipate themselves from a rigidly controlled society of the capitalists. In the Communist Manifest, Marx pointed out that the motto of the capitalist will never be a classless society, but to widen the gap of class based distinction in the society. Hence, both Marx and Engels, pointed out that the capitalists will try their besat to reduce the wages payable to the laborers, and the latter should keep on striving to achieve the opposite (Alexander et al. 2014 p 90). The revolutionary ideals of the exploited class lead to the development of the trade unions, which work as an outlet for the complaints and grievances of the weaker proletariats. In reality, the bigger movements of the Great Depression had long-lasting effect, in recognizing the importance of the trade unions. At this time, the corporate class of people, recognized the legal right of the trade unions, and also accepted th e bargaining power of the laborers. Not only so, in the words of Marx, even mass media itself is a body which reflects the ideology of the capitalist class, as it is itself one of the means of production of the ruling class. Thus, whatever information and facts are revealed through media it will necessarily engender the ideology and the worldview of the ruling class of the society. As such, in a patriarchal society, anything that is shown on the television will essentially reflect the rightful authority of the male in the household, or it will justify the power exercised by the male member of the family. The media will thus voice so much of the views and opinions of the patriarchal society, which the ideology of the male dominating class, will appear to be the most normal, and socially accepted idea for the society. At the same time, the inhabitants of the society, who are acquainted and socialized into believing the ideology of the ruling class, they will never be easily able to qu estion the dominance and the precedence of the ruling class. Thus, in a patriarchal society, one will not easily come across a television show, which will exhibit the free spirit, or the uninhibited desires of a woman, as it might lead to feminist movement that would challenge and interrogate the whole system of patriarchy (Moueffe 2014 p 67). Hence, anything that would be opposing or contradicting the vantage point of the patriarchal society (the ruling class) will be censored. It is through this process of stifling the freedom of expression of mass thought, that the ruling class imposes a rigid control on the autonomy of the media. While this is called the materialist stance, it stands in opposition to the ideological stance. The materialist stance reflects the dominant ideology of the ruling class, while the ideological stance is that which reflects the ideology of the consciousness (Mommsen et al. 2013 p 41). Marx believes that the ruling class ideology, will only be allowed to be reflected as the most natural and rightful thing, and this helps in the creation of ideology in such a way, that any sort of contradictory viewpoint is regarded as an obnoxious idea. For instance, despite the presence of the trade unions, there was a huge lack of unity and co-operation among the workers, necessary to combat the exploiter class of the society. This was simply the result of the industrialization process, that was introduced by the capitalist society, which led to the less demand for laborers because of greater reliance on machinery. Because of this system, there was greater competition among the workers, and resultantly the competition prevailed, even when an unified force was needed for forming the trade unions. Thus, the whole system is locked and imprisoned by the ruling ideology of the state (Larrain et al. 2013 p 34).Weber:Webers view of social change, stood in direct opposition to Marxs idea. As opposed to Marxs point of view, that social change occurs in a s ociety only after there is a glaring instance of class difference leading to class struggle, Weber believed that social change can come either through a particular purpose or by an accident. In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber points out that the emergence of capitalism in northern part of Europe occurred due to the Protestant, especially the Calvinist ethics, which encouraged in a compelling way, the masses to engage in materialistic activities, so that greater progress, in terms of financial gains could be witnessed. The point that Weber emphasized, was that in no way, did the Protestant followers, through their viewpoint, tried to express any greed or lust underlying such materialistic motive. Rather, they explained their ideology from a very morally justified point of view (Giddens 2013 p 89). Weber even argues by quoting Benjamin Franklin, whose speech for the masses, reinforces the necessity of earning more money, not for the purpose of mere wealth accumulation, but as a gesture of striving and toiling for future security. The Reformation, in the words of Weber, suggests that hard work, which is dedicated for getting greater wealth and prosperity, is an act of dedicating life to God. Weber further states, that usually religiosity implies denial and withdrawal from any materialistic or worldly affair of the world. But as opposed to this, Protestantism inspired the people from the pre capitalist era to dedicate their lives for greater financial rewards, and however, this view was not without the support of an ideological base. Rather, these were produced owing to already existing spiritual theories and doctrines, which highlight the importance of hard work and strong dedication to achieve materialistic gains as a means to achieve the higher goal in life. Weber further pointed out that during the Reformation period, the Roman Catholic Church was assuring salvation to the people who submitted unquestionably to their authority (Web er 2013 p 45). However, such assurance was totally missing in the Protestant period, and this created a huge lack of self-confidence among the people, as they started believing that some people are pre-destined to attain salvation, while others were not. In addition to this, was Calvins theory of double destination, which claimed that some people were pre-destined to attain salvation, while others were not. Thus, as there was a great absence of religious assurance regarding salvation, the people started finding out their own means of the same. Thus, apart from clerical service in the church, any vocation, that was associated with hard work and continuous efforts started getting associated with a way to attain Gods grace. Webber further argued that beside the glorification of hard work, the Protestantism resented the idea of extravagance, as it was a sin, and it also discarded the value of helping a beggar, as it believed in hard work and not in beggary. As a result, there was a huge accumulation of wealth, which led to the creation of Nascent Capitalism (Alexander et al. 2014 p 92). Durkheim: Durkheim spoke of the importance of social integration in the formation of a society. According to him, men are different from beasts; on one major point- their insatiable lust for more. The desires of men cannot be satisfied, the more the desires are met, the more men want. Thus, there arises a need for social regulation, which will exert a rigid control on the inordinate desires of mankind. But when the social regulations are no longer at work, it leads to the destruction of the creation of a state, known as anomaly, which will result in the disruption of order and law, in an otherwise socially regulated world (Durkheim et al. 2014 p 72). As opposed to Marx, Durkheim proposed a theory of Functionalism, which advocated that a sense of cohesion defines a society, rather than a sense of conflict. In his The Division of Labor in Society, he says, that ordinarily human being s are egoistical beings, thinking about and prioritizing their selfish motives and needs; however, a society regulates such selfish tendencies of human mind, by inculcating in the human minds the importance of certain values, norms and ideals, which are ideologically deemed to be correct (Durkheim et al. 2013 p 50). This process of educating a child, since his birth, about the importance of certain social values, creates a sense of collective consciousness, which ultimately creates a sense of unity, and integration in the society (Alexander et al. 2014 p 74). Even, Durkheim talks of the idea of division of labor, like Marx. However, unlike Marx, to Durkheim, division of labor does not lead to the class conflict, ultimately resulting in the disintegration of the social system. On the other hand, to Durkheim, division of labor implies, a process where most of the people are not doing the same work, and following their own specialized areas (Swartz et al. 2012 p 93). This , in no way, creates clash or conflict, rather it helps in creating a strong sense of solidarity, borne out of a feeling of inter-dependence on each other. According to Durkheim, a human being is full of inordinate desires and selfish motives, and he can become a human in true sense only through the incorporation of the social control upon him. But Durkheim notes that in recent times, the modern society, as opposed to the ancient one, is gradually moving towards individualism. This individualistic trait is pushing them to a feeling of prolonged emptiness and frustration resulting in anomaly and higher suicide rates. So, he talks of the importance of greater social integration required for the modern societies (Turner et al. 2016 p 11).Comparative Study of Marx, Weber and Durkheim : Marx points out that there is an inherent sense of conflict in the society, arising from the class-distinction. According to him, the state is run by a false ideology, representing the needs of the ruling class, and t he exploited class of the society, are absorbed and trapped in such an ideological perspective for ages (Halewood et al. 2014 p 171). On the other hand, Durkheim believes that this ideology reflects the moral purpose of the society, that through an ideological control, the society restricts the possibility of selfish and immoral acts. Again, Weber believes, unlike Marxs perspective, men were never imprisoned by a system of capitalism, but they themselves went to achieve the same, on their own (Da silva et al. 2015 p 159-179). In the present day world, the theories of the classical theorists of Sociology are still prevalent. Marx believed in the theory of socialism, where everyone would be granted equal opportunities, and in todays world, the NGOs are organized bodies which try to reach out to the needy ones as well, trying to create minimum balance in opportunity level. Similarly, as Durkheim talks of the importance of social cohesion, in present days, as sociologists point out, the gift exchange in Christmas or New Years Eve, reflects the importance attached to the concept of social solidarity (Dobbin et al. 2014 p 12)). Reference List: Alexander, J.C., 2014. Classical Attempt at Theoretical Synthesis (Theoretical Logic in Sociology): Max Weber. Routledge.Alexander, J.C., 2014. The Antinomies of Classical Thought: Marx and Durkheim (Theoretical Logic in Sociology) (Vol. 2). Routledge.Alexander, J.C., 2014. The Antinomies of Classical Thought: Marx and Durkheim (Theoretical Logic in Sociology) (Vol. 2). Routledge.Anderson, P., 2016. Arguments within English marxism. Verso Books.da Silva, M.C., de Souza, F.J.V., de Arajo, F.R. and da Silva, J.D.G., 2015. Scientific Methodology for the Applied Social Sciences: Critical Analyses About Research Methods, Typologies And Contributions From Marx, Weber And Durkheim. Revista Cientfica Hermes, (13), pp.159-179.Dobbin, F. and Baum, J.A., 2014. Introduction: Economics meets sociology in strategic management. Advances in strategic management, 17.Durkheim, E., 2013. Emile Durkheim on institutional analysis. University of Chicago Press.Durkheim, E., 2014. The rules of sociological method: and selected texts on sociology and its method. Simon and Schuster.Giddens, A., 2013. Politics and sociology in the thought of Max Weber. John Wiley Sons.Halewood, M., 2014. Rethinking the Social Through Durkheim, Marx, Weber and Whitehead. Anthem Press.Heywood, A., 2012. Political ideologies: An introduction. Palgrave Macmillan.Kay, A., 2015. The sociologies of law of Marx, Weber and Durkheim: a comparison and critical synthesisMarshall, B., 2013. Engendering modernity: Feminism, social theory and social change. John Wiley Sons.McMurtry, J., 2015. Structure of Marx's World-View. Princeton University Press.Mommsen, W.J. and Osterhammel, J., 2013. Max Weber and His Contempories. Routledge.Mouffe, C., 2014. Gramsci and Marxist Theory (RLE: Gramsci). Routledge.Parekh, B. and Parekh, F.B., 2015. Marx's Theory of Ideology (RLE Marxism) (Vol. 22). Routledge.Swartz, D., 2012. Culture and power: The sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. University of Chicago Press.Turner, B.J., 2016. Rece nt Doctoral Dissertations:" The Social Origins of Academic Sociology: Durkheim". History of Anthropology Newsletter, 4(2), p.11.Weber, M., 2013. The agrarian sociology of ancient civilizations. Verso Books.

Happy Nation free essay sample

When asked this question, many people would have many different answers. Some may refer to happiness as family, and others may declare money as one of their main reasons for happiness. Indeed, all people are different. However, happy people usually have one thing in common and it is where they live. So, what should a country have, or look like in order to deem itself the happiest? According to New York Times’ reporter Nicholas D. Kristof, Costa Rica is the current â€Å"winner† of the â€Å"World Database of Happiness. This small Central American country has accomplished monumental undertakings to deserve this enormous title. For instance, Costa Rica abolished its army, preserved nature, and made investments in education more profitable than investments in artillery. In fact, Costa Ricans can be proud of their country and fairly deem themselves the happiest nation; however, Americans, for example, can also deem their country as the happiest ones. Moreover, the United States has everything to be at the top of the list of â€Å"happy nations. A rich environment, high level education, enriched family and international relationships would be some of the reasons why American citizens may consider themselves to be the happiest nation in the world. First of all, the United States have a very rich environment to be happy with. The environment of the US consists of sparkling lakes and streams full of fish, making fishing a popular hobby of Americans sportsman. In addition, an abundance of cascading mountains and forests full of deer, wild boars, pheasants, birds and other animals make hunters and naturalists alike happy to be here. In fact, every year more and more people retreat to the mountains and campsites to hunt or vacation and enjoy these natural amenities. To name a few others, skiing, snowboarding and biking are sports that becoming more popular these days. In 2009 for example, according to the National Ski and Snowboarders Retailers Association, 5. 5 million people participated in the sport in 2009. The United States’ national parks encourage enthusiasts from its natives and tourists from all over the world. In addition, the US has many bodies of water, but the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, on the East and West Coasts of the United States, offer many opportunities. In fact, Americans love sea food and having access to the two largest oceans makes eating fish daily a common occurrence. Moreover, having two oceans spanning two major coast lines provides picturesque sandy beaches for comfortable living and popular vacation spots. From California to Oregon, and Maine to Florida, these beaches and scenic spots draw many to live and vacation here. Besides the lakes, mountains and beaches, the United States has many more wonders of nature. For instance, the Grand Canyon in Arizona, Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, the Arches National Park in Utah as well as Yosemite National Park in California all of which draw many visitors. Only Grand Canyon visited 4. 41 million tourists in 2008. In addition, Niagara Falls, sharing its border with Canada is also one of the most widely visited natural attractions among Americans. In other words, the United States has an incredible environment that can easily be deemed the best in the world. The second important reason why Americans can consider themselves a happy nation is education. American education is widely known as the best around of the world. In fact, most notable famous scientists, archaeologists and sportsman graduated from colleges and universities in the United States such as inventor Sicorsky, sportsmen Tiger Woods and a scientist Linus Pauling. Besides that, almost every person who had a chance to graduate from any of the United States’ universities countries became later successful in native country. Indeed, a diploma from an American educational institution is easily accepted in other countries; therefore, there are not difficulties with finding job . In addition, there is also another extraordinary reason that supports American education opportunities. It is financial aid. Very few counties provide financial aid to low-income students, and American citizens who are offered this opportunity should be very proud of it. Despite the current economic downfall, the United States continues to provide this opportunity allowing students to obtain an education in higher learning. For instance, in 2008 the United States Government provided nearly 91 billion in financial aid to 104 million students. Moreover, according to President Obama the financial aid budget will increase this year and more students will be able to finish their study. Furthermore, the American government creates special programs that allow students from foreign countries to come to the United States on student visas. Those programs are very popular among foreign students because they not only provide a decent opportunity to gain a valued experienc e, but also provide job opportunities after graduation. Briefly, high level education is one of the reasons that support America as a happy nation. Finally, enriched family and international relationships are also good reasons that support the American â€Å"Happy Nation† theory. In fact, family, for almost every American citizen, is the biggest treasure in the world. There is no other place in the world where people send so many greeting cards to loved ones as they do here in the United States. For example, in the Ukraine cards are sent for happy events such as, birthdays, weddings or holidays, however it would be interpreted as a personal offense to receive a sympathy card when someone dies. It is even impossible to find such kind cards in the Ukraine because they simply are not for sale! Therefore, Americans have to be proud of having such a nicely-shared tradition. Another practiced tradition that may deem as â€Å"American only† is the Thanksgiving holiday. In fact, this favorite United States’ holiday is unfamiliar to other countries. Indeed, there is no other place in the world where people, once a year no matter what, spend many hours flying or driving to spend this holiday with their loved ones enjoying family traditions. Besides the family relationships, Americans have excellent international relationships. Around the world the United States is known as a strong, wealthy and successful county. Moreover, during international conflicts the United States’ opinion often plays an important role in the negotiating process. In fact, in 2002 the United States of America solved Arab-Israeli Conflict between Palestine and Israel. Indeed, America is looked upon for its strength. Besides good negotiation skills America is known as a very welcomed and peaceful country. Throughout time thousands of people from hundreds of countries, despite their race or religion, settled and made their homes in the United States. In other words, a country where discrimination does not exist and holiday traditions are practiced from generation to generation can easily be deemed a joyful place in the world. The United States has everything it needs to consider it a happy country. People from around of the world who visited the US at least once noticed how glorious the United States is. Moreover, the relationships that the American Government built over time with other countries may also be one of the reasons why American citizens are proud of their country. In addition, the high level of education that is world renowned may also make citizens feel happy. In other words, a happy nation is comprised of hard-working satisfied people who enjoy their environment, families and homes, who take pride and are patriotic, and who support educational opportunities provided by a government respected by other nations that country is the United States of America.