How to improve the health care system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How to improve the health care system - Essay Example The United States is the sole leading developed country that does not insure its people through a health financing scheme (Waldman & Yourstone 232). These abovementioned major problems are widespread. They are observed in every form of care provided in the U.S., namely, end-of-life, chronic, acute, and preventive (Nash & Goldfarb 49). It would be logical to assume that with all these issues the future of the American healthcare system must be discouraging. However, there are still reasons to believe that the nation’s healthcare system can be improved. National surveys reveal that the American people agree fully to the restructuring of the healthcare system or reforming its core weaknesses (Richards & Coast 175). This essay discusses the possible measures that could improve the healthcare system. One of the most important measures to improve the quality of the healthcare system is assigning bigger responsibility to all stakeholders, such as the government, healthcare workers, insurers, employers, and consumers. Bigger efforts have to be initiated to make care more patient-centered and promote the involvement of the patients in the care given to them. To actually accomplish the concept of patient-centered health care it is not sufficient to merely place larger financial responsibility on the shoulders of consumers (Lighter 92). They also have to receive important and prompt information about the health care that they are entitled to obtain so that they can totally accept the principle of being in charge of their own health and medical requirements. In order to be effective, â€Å"that information needs to be authoritative, easily accessible, easy to understand and to act on, and personalized† (Nash & Goldfarb 10). So as to have patient-centered healthcare system, information technology (IT) should also be applied in delivering health care. It is thought that the Internet will revolutionize how health

Can and Should Culture Be Managed Essay Example for Free

Can and Should Culture Be Managed Essay Organizational culture is defined as collective behavior that consists of artifacts, exposed values and basic assumptions (Schein 1997). From this definition, three levels of organizational culture are derived. The first level is artifacts or tangible elements to the organization which comprises of the architecture, technology, products, furniture, style, dress code and language. It is recognizable when visibly observed but does not reflect the organizational culture. The second level is in the exposed values or beliefs that employees express in organization which includes the mission statement, customer service and loyalty. This behavior can be studied by using surveys and discussion to gather attitudes of the organizations’ members. The third level is the basic assumption which is the most important level as it shapes the organization’s view and decision making. The norms or the unspoken rule exists without the awareness of the members which cannot be observed or surveyed and therefore it is difficult to draw out this characteristic By understanding the definition of culture, there are two sides of the argument on whether the culture can be managed (mainstream perspective) and whether culture is something that an organization is that cannot be managed (critical alternative). (Brewis, J ch. 9). In the mainstream perspective it shows that the management is able to change its culture, which often referred to as cultural engineering (Jackson and Carter, 2000, p. 27-28) and a clear example is shown in the case study of British Airways, 1982-1996 (Brewis, J ch. 9 p349). The merged between British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA) caused a clash of culture and internal conflicts. The BOAC offers services for higher class passengers whereas BEA is for lower class passengers i. e. Tradesmen. Due to the clash of different classes of services, there is an internal conflict in the management culture which resulted disastrously and sales are declined.

Essay on Juvenile Crime and Punishment -- Argumentative Persuasive Top

Juvenile Crime and Punishment       The punishment of juvenile criminals, specifically those between the ages of 13 and 18, in the event that they commit crimes of murder, is not severe enough. Minors between these critical ages in the teenage life who commit crimes of murder should be prosecuted as adults in all situations and locations.    Teenagers in this age group do kill others, old and young alike. The rate at which juveniles were arrested for murder rose 177 percent between 1978 and 1993 (NBER.org). This shows that there is a need for stopping or at least slowing this trend in homicidal acts. Statistics clearly show that juviniles between the ages of 14 and 17 during the years of 1976 to 1994 are increasing in numbers in the amount of murders they commit. The event in Littleton, Colorado is another example of the fact that teenagers are killing others. Carrying several weapons and setting off homemade bombs, teen-agers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 12 students and a teacher and wounded about 26 others before committing suicide at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999 at 11:21 a.m. (usatoday.com/182). These two young men had hatred in their hearts that no person will be able to explain. They knew what they were doing and wanted to do it well. They did what they were trying to do: kill others. If these two young men had not committed suicide, would they have been prosecuted as adults? We will never know because of the choice they made to take their own lives, but I certainly hope that they would have received the correction they deserved. In this situation, that due punishment would have been a trial as though they were adults who killed other human beings.    What happens when teenagers kill ... ...with his/her threat.    The next step in solving this problem is to contact state governments and let them know that juveniles who commit crimes of murder should be tried as adults in all situations. Politicians should become aware that this is a problem in the society of America and shouldn't be reminded only by tragedies like that which happened in Littleton, Colorado. Call or write state governments and let them know that juveniles should be prosecuted as adults when committing crimes of murder.    Works Cited 1. http://www.nber.org/digest/feb98/w6191.html 2. http://www.usatoday.com/news/index/colo/colo182.htm 3. http://www.usatoday.com/news/index/colo/colo96.htm 4. http://www.tjpc.state.tx.us/reviews/98-1-09.htm (Texas Juvenile Probation Commission) 5. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/nathaniel991021.html#top   

Small Talk

Small Talk We’ve all engaged in some sort of small talk either in the office, on campus, at a party, or other places where you find yourself in the company of others. For some of us, participating in small talk may come easily, while for others it may be quite difficult. Some individuals may find small talk to be irritating while others find it a necessity. In this paper I am going to explore what exactly defines small talk as such; the reasons why people find the need to engage in small talk; the benefits, and disadvantages of small talk; is there an ethical approach to small talk; and provide tips on how to participate in small talk—without it creating an uncomfortable atmosphere. What exactly defines small talk as such, segregating it from the normal conversations exchanged between two individuals? Small talk is defined as a light conversation; it is typically polite and about matters of little importance, especially between people who do not know each other well. In these conversations general-interest topics are commonly discussed such as movies, sports, food, travel, and music. Many find that those who engage in this form of conversation are approachable and friendly. By taking an active part in these conversations you send a message that you are ready, willing and able to communicate. This may not seem like a difficult task, considering all humans communicate at various levels daily, but to engage in small talk may actually be very difficult, so when done willingly and well it can say a lot about that person. Part of being successful at small talk is being an avid listener. This is a very important part of conversation. Many get worried about being able to communicate their thoughts clearly that they neglect to listen. Listening carefully helps in understanding and encouraging those who are speaking to you. Franklin Roosevelt, the thirty-second president of the United States of America, believed that most people were poor listeners. He believed that this held true especially when engaging in small talk conversations. To prove his point and amuse himself, he would greet visiting guests with, â€Å"I murdered my grandmother this morning. He was usually responded with a puzzling look yet a polite nod in approval. However, one evening he was impressed when one guest responded with a surprising response, â€Å"I’m sure she had it coming. † Even so, Roosevelt did prove the common neglect individuals give towards small talk. So, why do people engage in small talk? Talking is the primary form of communication between all beings. The mere act of t alking is a way to â€Å"break the ice,† relieve any tensions, and it helps individuals find a common ground amongst them. Small talk is most commonly found in an instance when there is an uncomfortable silence, or is used in a situation where a person is waiting for something—it passes the time. There are many instances when people feel they have to engage in small talk simply not to be rude. We have been cultured in our society to view small talk as a politically correct act when in one of these instances. Those who do not openly converse with others are looked upon as rude and unapproachable. This leads to the topic of the benefits small talk has and its importance. An article from the Los Angeles Times entitled, â€Å"Researchers take a high view of idle chatter† showed that an increase of social contact aided mental function. This affect is similar to those of solitaire games such as Sudoku and crossword puzzles, which have the same benefit when engaged in for the same amount of time. Good news for those who enjoy chatter, but not great for those who have difficulties with it. Striking a conversation with someone gives him or her the opportunity to either accept or reject you. This is probably the main reason for its importance. Americans typically strive to be accepted by their peers. We want to be liked by our peers and when we engage in small talk we are being judged. A lot of the time it is the first impression we leave with someone. Another benefit of small talk is meeting new people and possibly new friends; or making new business relations, which could lead to a promotion or new business venture. Wendy Warman, co-author of Loud and Clear: How to Prepare and Deliver Effective Business and Technical Presentations, gives instructional seminars on how to effectively participate in small talk for big success. Warman discusses the importance of small talk in order to improve communication, boost sales, enhance customer service and increase profits in any organization or industry. These are all very important benefits, which I think everyone could find use for. Now that we more thoroughly understand the basic means of small talk and what small talk actually consists of, we need to be aware of the topics chosen for these conversations. There is an ethical approach to small talk and ethical judgments need to be made. Very frequently small talk is shared between individuals whom do not know each other well, therefore there are many ‘forbidden’ topics that should be avoided. When people do not know each other well it is not a wise decision to discuss personal information such as salaries or divorce. Two main topics that should be avoided are religion and politics. The foundationalist’s view should not be considered here since everyone’s justified beliefs on these topics might vary. The intent of small talk should basically be to get to know someone better, keeping in mind other peoples feelings. Raised emotion may arise if one of these topics is brought forth in a conversation. The consequence of these discussions may be a negative response, being that many people have different beliefs and opinions in the matter. An altruistic approach is definitely called for when engaging in small talk. The â€Å"golden rule† of â€Å"Love your neighbor as yourself† should be remembered in these situations. Placing the other person’s feelings first will usually lead to a pleasant conversation with affirmative results. Thus one can also say a utilitarian approach is also necessary when engaging in small talk. There are some basic guidelines one can follow to assist in creating proficient small talk. The first step before going to a function or gathering is to prepare yourself. Here is a list of tips that will help in engaging in small talk: 1. One should derive at least three topics to discuss as well as four questions that can be asked to others to spark conversation. If you know that there will be people there that you have met before, try to remember some things about them that you can bring up . . . maybe a charity they’re involved with or a hobby they partake in. 2. Be the first to say â€Å"Hello. Offering your name when greeting someone will avoid an uncomfortable situation of him or her not remembering your name. 3. Make an effort to remember names and use them frequently. 4. Motivate the other person(s) to start talking by asking an open-ended question that is common ground, such as, â€Å"How do you know the host? † 5. Be an active listener and provide feedback. 6 . You were given two ears and one mouth . . . you should listen twice as much as you talk. 7. Try to contribute something interesting to the conversation. Stay away from negative or controversial topics, as mentioned above. . If you want to meet someone in particular, be introduced to him or her by someone they respect. A mutual friend should be asked to do so. 9. When accepting a business card, receive it with both hands, read it, and place it in a coat pocket, purse or wallet to show it is valued. 10. Be mindful of you body language, this can cause others to be uncomfortable. Act confident. 11. Observe and listen before entering a conversation that has already begun. 12. Always be prepared with a few exit lines so you can have a graceful dismissal from the conversation. â€Å"Be bright. Be brief. Be gone. I chose this topic with the expectations of finding good reasons for small talk. Although I find small talk to be necessary and appropriate in certain situations, I find it unne cessary at time and frankly quite annoying. I still think talking about the weather with a fellow employee at the printer is unnecessary, but I don’t see those instances being avoidable. However, I have learned if you are active in using the tips provided, you can obtain more control over the conversation and guide it so that it is more enjoyable. Being prepared for small talk is the best way to avoid ‘lame’ conversation. If you go to a function with a select few topics to discuss, chances are the conversation will be strong and others will be guided by your contributions. Another important matter in successful small talk is to think of others first. This is very important with successful small talk and getting positive results. You want to make people happy and to feel good—everyone likes to be around people that make them feel better about themselves. Reference List â€Å"12 Tips for Making Small Talk. † CareerBuilder. com. 2005. CNN. com. 1 May 2009 Hoekman, Laurel. â€Å"The Benefits of Small Talk. Gray Center SUN News. 2008. Gray Center. 2 May 2009 Murphy, Peter. â€Å"How to Master the Art of Small Talk. † Relationships/Communication. 2007. Ezinarticles. 1 May 2009 Rosenstand, Nina. The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics (Sixth Edition). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 1994–2009. â€Å"Small Talk. † Encarta World Dictionary. 2009. En cartaMsn. 2 May 2009 â€Å"Small Talk: Who, What, Where, When, Why?. † EnglishClub. com. 1997–2009. nglichClub. com. 1 May 2009 â€Å"Wendy Warman. † World Class Speakers & Entertainers: wcSpeakers. com. 2005–2009. wcSpeakers. com. 2 May 2009.

My Left Foot Review Essay

My Left Foot Film Review My Left foot is the true story of a young boy called Christy Brown, played by Hugh O’Connor and Daniel Day-Lewis, Christy is born into a poor working class family in Dublin, Ireland, with a physically disabling condition known as cerebral palsy. Considered a vegetable and using his only functional limb(his left foot) Christy becomes a very successful writer and artist with the help of his strong willed mother and teacher. I personally really enjoyed this ? lm, I liked the way it was set in Ireland during a time where religion ruled society. Almost every family in Ireland had their lives run in the way of the church, the cardinal sins were almost like laws, and were obeyed better than real laws. We see this when christys mother ? nds the ‘un-godly’ magazine under Christy in his wheel barrow. Society was set in stone and nobody tried to better themselves. The son’s and daughters of every family followed in their fathers or mothers footsteps. Everybody had their place in society the upper class lived to work, so as to make themselves richer and richer where as the lower class worked to live, so they could get by in life. Christy however was an acception to this, he bettered him self in society by becoming an achieved artist and writer, and this allowed him to break the mould and become something nobody thought he could ever be. I found my Left Foot quite inspiring because of Christys achievements, it shows that theres always a way to be something that you want to be even if the odds aren’t in your favor! It also shows that if someone beleves in you, you can go very far in life, just like christys mother beleived in him when nobody else did. I loved Daniel Day-Lewis in this movie because of his spectacular interpretation of the disease cerebral palsy, as you can imagine playing the role of a handicapped man must have been quite challenging but Lewis managed to pull it off. My only dislike about the ? lm is that I felt it was a ? lm that I could only watch once, because the ? lm deals with such a serious matter I feel that its not something Id want to view again. I thought the setting, along with the costumes and props were very accurate in picturing life in the 1930’s and 40’s, the houses and neighbour-hood was exactly what you would expect it to be like as well as the opinion and beleifs of the community.

Presidential Executive Order

Presidential Executive Order Executive orders (EOs) are official documents, numbered consecutively, by which the President of the U.S. manages the operations of the Federal Government.Since 1789, US presidents (the executive) have issued directives that are now known as executive orders. These are legally binding directives to federal administrative agencies. Executive orders are generally used to direct federal agencies and officials as their agencies implement a congressionally-established law. However, executive orders may be controversial if the President is acting counter to real or perceived legislative intent.History of Executive OrdersPresident George Washington issued the first executive order three months after being sworn into office . Four months later, 3 October 1789, Washington used this power to proclaim the first national day of thanksgiving.The term executive order was initiated by President Lincoln in 1862, and most executive orders were unpublished until the early 1900s when the State Departme nt began numbering them. Since 1935, presidential proclamations and executive orders of general applicability and legal effect must be published in the Federal Register unless doing so would threaten national security.Executive Order 11030, signed in 1962, established the proper form and process for presidential executive orders. The Director of the Office of Management and Budget is responsible for managing the process.The executive order is not the only type of presidential directive. Signing statements are another form of a directive, specifically associated with a piece of legislation passed by Congress. Types of Executive Orders There are two types of executive order. The most common is a document directing executive branch agencies how to carry out their legislative mission. The other type is a declaration of policy interpretation which intended for a wider, public audience.The text of executive orders appears in the daily Federal Register as each executive order is signed by the President and received by the Office of the Federal Register. The text of executive orders beginning with Executive Order 7316 of 13 March 1936, also appears in the sequential editions of Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Access and Review The National Archives maintains an online record of Executive Order Disposition Tables. The tables are compiled by President and maintained by the Office of the Federal Register. The first is President Franklin D. Roosevelt.The Codification of Presidential Proclamations and Executive Orders covers the period 13 April 1945, through 20 January 1989 a period encompassing the administrations of Harry S. Truman through Ronald Reagan. Executive Orders Signed by George W. Bush - 262, EOs 13198 - 13466 (17 July 2008)Executive Orders Signed by William J. Clinton - 364, EOs 12834-13197Executive Orders Signed by George Bush - 166, EOs 12668-12833Executive Orders Signed by Ronald Reagan - 381, EOs 12287-12667Executive Orders Signed by Jimmy Carter - 320, EOs 11967-12286Executive Orders Signed by Gerald Ford - 169, EOs 11798-11966Executive Orders Signed by Richard Nixon - 346, EOs 11452-11797Executive Orders Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson - 324, EOs 11128-11451Executive Orders Signed by John F. Kennedy - 214, EOs 10914-11127Executive Orders Signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower - 486, EOs 10432-10913Executive Orders Signed by Harry S. Truman - 896, EOs 9538-10431Executive Orders Signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt - 3,728, EOs 6071-9537 Revoking An Executive OrderIn 1988, President Reagan banned abortions at a   military hospital except in cases of rape or incest or when the mothers life is threatened. President Clinton rescinded it with another executive order. A Republican Congress then codified this restriction in an appropriations bill. Welcome to the Washington, D.C. merry-go-round. Because executive orders relate to how one president manages his executive branch team, there is no requirement that subsequent presidents follow them. They may do as Clinton did, and replace an old executive order with a new one or they may simply revoke the prior executive order.Congress can also revoke a presidential executive order by passing a bill by a veto-proof (2/3 vote) majority. For example, in 2003 Congress unsuccessfully attempted to revoke President Bushs Executive Order 13233, which had rescinded Executive Order 12667 (Reagan). The bill, HR 5073 40, did not pass. Controversial Executive Orders Presidents have been accused of using the power of the executive order to make, not merely implement, policy. This is controversial, as it subverts the separation of powers as outlined in the Constitution.President Lincoln used the power of presidential proclamation to initiate the Civil War. On 25 December 1868, President Andrew Johnson issued the Christmas Proclamation, which pardoned all and every person who directly or indirectly participated in the late insurrection or rebellion related to the Civil War. He did so under his constitutional authority to grant pardons; his action was subsequently upheld by the Supreme Court.President Truman desegregated the armed forces via Executive Order 9981. During the Korean War, on 8 April 1952, Truman issued Executive Order 10340  in order to avert a steel mill workers strike called for the following day. He did so with public regret. The case Youngstown Sheet Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952) went all the way to the Supreme Court , which sided with the steel mills. Workers [url linkdemocraticcentral.com/showDiary.do?diaryId1865]immediately went on strike. A half million workers were laid off as companies lacked steel to keep plants running. The number of railroad cars loaded in the week ending July 7, 1952, was the lowest since records had been kept, and many railroads began to suffer financial difficulty. California growers faced a loss of $200 million because there was not enough steel to make cans for their vegetable crops. On July 22, the United States Army shut down its largest shell-making plant due to a lack of steel. President Eisenhower used Executive Order 10730  to begin the process of desegregating Americas public schools.

Why US Public Schools Dont Have a Prayer

Why US Public Schools Dont Have a Prayer   Students at America’s public schools can still under certain specific conditions pray at school, but their opportunities to do so are dwindling fast. In 1962, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Union Free School District No. 9 in Hyde Park, New York had violated the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution by directing the districts principals to cause the following prayer to be said aloud by each class in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each school day: Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. Since that landmark 1962 case of Engel v. Vitale, the Supreme Court has issued a series of rulings that may result in the elimination of organized observances of any religion from Americas public schools. The latest and perhaps most telling decision came on June 19, 2000 when the Court ruled 6-3, in the case of Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, that pre-kickoff prayers at high school football games violate the First Amendments Establishment Clause, typically known as requiring the separation of church and state.. The decision may also bring an end to the delivery of religious invocations at graduations and other ceremonies. School sponsorship of a religious message is impermissible because it (implies to) members of the audience who are non-adherents that they are outsiders, wrote Justice John Paul Stevens in the Court’s majority opinion. While the Courts decision on football prayers was not unexpected, and was in keeping with past decisions, its direct condemnation of school-sponsored prayer divided the Court and honestly angered the three dissenting Justices. Chief Justice William Rehnquist, along with Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, wrote that the majority opinion bristles with hostility to all things religious in public life. The 1962 Courts interpretation of the Establishment Clause (Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,) in Engle v. Vitale has since been upheld by both liberal and conservative Supreme Courts in six additional cases: 1963 ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP banned school-directed recital of the Lords Prayer and reading of Bible passages as part of devotional exercises in public schools.1980 STONE v. GRAHAM banned the posting of the the Ten Commandments on public school classroom walls.1985 WALLACE v. JAFFREE banned observance of daily moments of silence from public schools when students were encouraged to pray during the silent periods.1990 WESTSIDE COMMUNITY BOARD. OF EDUCATION. v. MERGENS held that schools must allow student prayer groups to organize and worship if other non-religious clubs are also permitted to meet on school property.1992 LEE v. WEISMAN outlawed prayers led by members of the clergy at public school graduation ceremonies.2000 SANTA FE INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT v. DOE banned student-led pre-game prayers at public high school football games. But Students Can Still Pray, Sometimes Through their rulings, the court has also defined some times and conditions under which public school students may pray, or otherwise practice a religion. [A]t any time before, during or after the school-day, as long as your prayers do not interfere with other students.In meetings of organized prayer or worship groups, either informally or as a formal school organization IF other student clubs are also allowed at the school.Before eating a meal at school as long as the prayer does not disturb other students.In some states, student-led prayers or invocations are still delivered at graduations due to lower court rulings. However, the Supreme Courts ruling of June 19, 2000 may bring this practice to an end.Some states provide for a daily moment of silence to be observed as long as students are not encouraged to pray during the silent period. What Does Establishment of Religion Mean? Since 1962, the Supreme Court has consistently ruled that in Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, the Founding Fathers intended that no act of the government (including public schools) should favor any one religion over others. Thats hard to do, because once you mention God, Jesus, or anything even remotely Biblical, you have pushed the constitutional envelope by favoring one practice or form of religion over all others. It may very well be that the only way to not favor one religion over another is to not even mention any religion at all a path now being chosen by many public schools. Is the Supreme Court to Blame? Polls show that a majority of people disagree with the Supreme Courts religion-in-schools rulings. While its fine to disagree with them, it is not really fair to blame the Court for making them. The Supreme Court did not just sit down one day and say, Lets ban religion from public schools. Had the Supreme Court not been asked to interpret the Establishment Clause by private citizens, including some members of the Clergy, they never would have done so. The Lords Prayer would be recited and the Ten Commandments read in American classrooms just as they were before the Supreme Court and Engle v. Vitale changed it all in June 25, 1962. But, in America, you say, the majority rules. Like when the majority ruled that women could not vote or that black people should ride only in the back of the bus? Perhaps the most important job of the Supreme Court is to see to it that will of the majority is never unfairly or hurtfully forced on the minority. And, thats a good thing because you never know when the minority might be you. Where School-Sponsored Prayer is Required In England and Wales, the School Standards and Framework Act of 1998 requires that all students in state-run schools participate in a daily â€Å"act of collective worship,† which must be of â€Å"a broadly Christian character,† unless their parents request that they be excused from taking part. While religious schools are allowed to mold their act of worship to reflect the school’s specific religion, most religious schools in the United Kingdom are Christian. Despite the 1998 law, Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Schools recently reported that about 80% of secondary schools were not providing daily worship for all students. While England’s Department of Education has stressed that all schools must maintain religious prayer in schools in order to reflect the beliefs and traditions of the predominantly Christian country, a recent BBC study found that 64% of students do not take part in daily acts of worship or prayer. In addition, a 2011 BBC survey revealed that 60% of parents believed that the daily worship requirement of the School Standards and Framework Act should not be enforced at all.

Tips for Taking Great Cemetery Pictures

Tips for Taking Great Cemetery Pictures Pictures are a wonderful way to document cemeteries and graveyards, from scenic views of the cemetery, to inscriptions of individual tombstones. It isnt always as easy as it seems, however, to achieve sharp, clear photographs of stones that may be centuries old. That old stone may be easy enough to read when youre standing just a few feet away, but capturing its three dimensional carving and inscriptions on a flat picture sometimes takes a bit of work. What to Photograph Its not every day that you get to visit an ancestors cemetery, so take the time, if you can, to create a photographic record of the entire cemetery, rather than just a single tombstone: Take at least two shots of each headstone, one close up so that you can read the inscription, and one from a distance which identifies the markers location in the cemetery. If the gravestone is one of several in a family grouping, then you may also want to take a wide angle shot of the entire family plot (a tombstones position in relation to other family members may provide a clue to relationships).Take several pictures (from different angles) showing the entire cemetery, or at least as large a portion of it as you can fit in a single picture.Unless it is a small family plot hidden in the middle of a cornfield, the front gates or entrance of the cemetery makes another good view to record on film. What Time of Day is Best? Proper lighting is the most critical factor in achieving a good, high-definition tombstone photo. According to tradition, many older cemeteries have individuals buried facing East, which generally means that the inscriptions on the headstones also face East. For this reason, morning light is often the best option in which to obtain the best lighting for photographing tombstones. There are, obviously, many exceptions to this very general rule, however. Tombstones may be situated so that they face the road, a beautiful view, etc. Overhead trees and cloudy days can also make photographing tombstones a difficult task. For this reason, it is best to scout out the cemetery in advance in order to determine the best time of day for taking pictures.   Lighting the Tombstone When optimal lighting is not possible, several tools can be used to reflect light onto shadowy tombstones. Directing sunlight or other light diagonally across the face of a gravestone casts shadows in indentations which makes inscriptions more visible and easy to read: Mirror - A mirror is a common tool for reflecting sunlight onto shadowy tombstones. Mylar (plastic) mirrors are available at most home stores (no reason to risk travelling around with a glass mirror in your car) and can be easily equipped with a set of legs (like an easel) to aid in propping the mirror to effectively reflect sunlight where you need it. Larger mirrors can even be used to reflect sunlight from a distance to light up tombstones resting under shady trees. Collapsible Reflector - A common accessory used by many photographers, a collapsible light reflector can be purchased for about $30-$50. They typically fold up into a small 4-6 package, handy for traveling. Aluminum Foil - A low budget alternative, and handy for travel, aluminum foil makes a decent light reflector in a pinch. Youll either need a piece of cardboard to support the foil, or a partner to hold it for you. Enhancing the Inscription When good lighting isnt enough to bring out a badly eroded inscription, there are a few other methods employed by many genealogists: Water - Wetting down a tombstone with a spray bottle of fresh water can sometimes make carvings stand out much more than when dry. After wetting the stone, allow the surface to dry for a few minutes, leaving the indented lettering damp, which makes it darker and easier to read. Shaving Cream - A method used by many genealogists, shaving cream can do wonders at bringing out hard-to-read inscriptions. This practice is discouraged by most professional conservators, however, as shaving cream contains acidic chemicals and greasy emollients which make it hard to remove from the stone and damaging if left there over time.Black Light - Suggested by some, a black light bulb (75 watt or higher) can be used to make a worn inscription pop out. While an extension cord may be a problem in many cemeteries, you can find portable, battery-operated black light units in many party or novelty stores (they are especially popular around Halloween). Cast the light directly on the tombstone and the words j ust seem to pop right out at you. Black light works especially well when it is dark, but since cemeteries are not always the safest place to visit at night, try draping a large, dark blanket over both you and the tombstone while using the black light. This should create enough darkness for a very illuminating inscription.

KONE PLC Strategic Plan including digital marketing strategy Essay

KONE PLC Strategic Plan including digital marketing strategy - Essay Example An analysis of its market approaches shows that the firm has had its presence in Europe since its establishment. Additionally, the company has not used its capital accumulation to enhance its growth in other markets, unlike other firms that have targeted infant elevator markets. An analysis of its product and services shows that the company has provided dedicated its production line in people flow. Most of its products include automatic doors, auto walks, elevators, escalators, and access control systems. Its branding strategies have increased its target markets ensuring an increase in sales and capital accumulation. It also targets the service industry that has been rated as one of the fast growing markets globally. The diversity of products also assists in its competition strategies leading to its high ratings in the top global firms list. An increase in its main markets requires that the firm should adopt services such as digital marketing to ensure all customers in the markets (Asia, Europe, and the U.S) are covered without any delays. KONE GB’s mission statement is based on the safety of customers. Its dedication to people flow is the driving force for its production and product quality. The firm ensures that its products have undergone safety tests since they directly deal with the people. Ensuring maximum security and a smooth flow of people with flexibility and scalability is a mission statement that governs the employees in their production process. As a result, its products have been rated safest compared to its competitors. It has also incorporated advanced technology in its products to reduce the risks of breakdowns. In the values statement, the firm has engaged in class that is required in the service industry. For example, it has made attractive elevators and escalators that can be used in luxurious hotels and malls. They ensure that customers can customize their product; hence, acting as a strategy to increase its market

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Midsummer Nights Dream - Essay Example The work was not the most imaginative recreation of the play, but it provided a clear representation with engaging actors who allowed their characters to come through. The costumes provided a feel for the time period in which the play was set and the setting was creatively constructed, allowing for all of the elements of the play to have space in which to play out their roles within the story. The way in which the play was lit added a dimension to the overall production. As always, the text of William Shakespeare created a work in which the actors could suspend the disbelief of the audience and create a production that was magical, while full of beautiful commentary on the human condition. The play A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, is a tale of comic twists, the story of young love in which the fae come to play their part by interfering in the lives of humans, twisting their desires to suit their own needs. The director, Kent Thomas, took a cold February day in Denver and transformed it to a warm summer evening. The play was developed around a classic setting with costuming that suggested Napoleonic France. The director situated the actors through their body language well within that time period, the production unified through ideals that created an atmosphere. The actores expressed this unified setting as they engaged more formally with one another, different than if it had been set in a lesser socio-economic surroundings. The characters seemed to be young aristocrats, their socio-economic status clear through their positioning on the stage. The work of the actors was well accomplished, the role of Hermia, played by Caitlin Wise standing out through her execution and presence. Something about her was engaging with the audience that placed focus on her when appropriate. At a moment when she was expressing a comedic frustration, her expressions were very readable, her projection of her voice filling the hall and focusing the audience on he r plight. Likewise, Helena Pistorius as Helena created a very believable character, her voice having a resonance that created a reality within her performance. As she developed her position within the play, she created empathy from the audience in a way that was unique to the role. Lawrence Hecht as bottom created a performance that made the audience laugh as it should, his portrayal with the donkey’s head unique in the way in which he expressed his role as the great queen Tatiana fell in love with him. However, it is the performance by Michael Wartella as Puck that still has me remembering the wonder of the play. He was clever, yet innocent, mischievous, but not evil as he comes across as a delightful fae whose only desire is to create trouble within both the human and fairy worlds. The way in which he expressed the character was not through evil, but through a feeling of joy in the accomplishment of his twisted sense of humor. His little devilries were executed with a belie vability that surpassed the breach of his true self, allowing his characterization to fully blossom and the audience to believe that he was not human, but a transcended being with the ability to muddle in the affairs of the heart. The costuming of the work was some of the most imaginative I have had the privilege to witness. The pieces broke through the time-period from which the play originated, adopting a Napoleonic point of view. The pieces were editorially reflective of the costumes of France during that time period, the dresses reflecting the empire waistlines that Josephine had favored. Therefore, the time period was set in the late 18th, early 19th century, the human characters reflecting this aesthetic. The costuming created a formal mood, the aristocratic air helping to set the socio-economic st

Early Phase and Development of Airbus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Early Phase and Development of Airbus - Essay Example The name Airbus was taken from a generic term used by the Airline industry. One of the other reasons for choosing the name was the linguistic acceptance of the name to the French. Initially, the stakeholdership of the company was distributed between a number of players. Aerospatiale had 36.5% of the controlling stake in the company, whereas Deutsche Airbus also had a 36.5% share in the company. This pattern was evident in the company due to the multifarious origin. The other stakeholders were Hawker Siddeley with 20% and Fokker-VFW with 7%. A major change came in the year 1979 when the British Aerospace acquired 20% stake in the company   The A-300 was the first Commercial Airline to come out of its stable. The work of the development of each of parts was given to separate countries (that, in turn, is routed to the various companies in the consortium). Initially, the sales of the aircraft were extremely slow, but later the sales of the aircraft picked up considerably. This was mainly due to the development of subsequent superior models of Aircraft as well as the innovative marketing strategies used by the company   The fact the Airbus was a consortium a number of companies were working against it. The group companies were not ready to divulge information on the technical breakthroughs. The attempt on the part of the companies to maximize the prices on the transfer of the sub-assembled parts had detrimental effects on the financial fortunes of the company. Secondly, the Company was in a stage where it was developing a large number of new aircraft to fend away competition from the other players as well as to augment market share. In the early half of 1990, a lot of steps were taken on an executive level to merge the various entities of the various companies to ensure a smoother environment for the purpose of decision making (Matthew, 1997).

Democracy, Equality, and the Supreme Court Essay

Democracy, Equality, and the Supreme Court - Essay Example Our regular elections work to keep the government in check as special interests, elected officials, political groups, and lobbyists jockey for the inside track at making laws and enacting policy. As these differing political and social forces meet, our civil society demands that their disagreements be settled peacefully and that the participants will honor the settlement. The real power of America's Democracy does not lie in the people, elected officials, special interests, or lobby groups. Our rule lies in our body of law and the constitution. Over the centuries, laws, rights, and freedoms have been challenged and debated. The US Supreme Court, the highest arbitrator in the land, has been the seat of responsibility for progress and the expression of these freedoms. Our individual and collective rights are protected and directed by the decisions made by the Court. We can measure and view our nation's progress by looking at the history of our Democracy through the court's decisions. The case of Marbury vs. Madison set the precedent that the Supreme Court would be the ultimate and final voice in constitutional questions and could void any law seen as contrary to the constitution. The court was further granted the power to determine the legality of the actions of the various branches of government and laid the foundation for the court's power, as well as our belief in a system guided by law and not men. Though the case was initiated over rather insignificant quarrels among the Republicans and Federalists, its effect has been paramount and enduring. Marbury vs, Madison has been the basis for bringing other landmark cases before the Supreme Court. The court had laid the groundwork as an arena to fight for individual rights as granted by the constitution. The case of Derd Scott vs. Sandford is an interesting case in that it was hoped that the court's decision would diminish further debate on the slavery issue. However, the court's finding that states could not outlaw slavery further divided the nation and led to the Civil War. Through great political pressure and deep differences, the court ruled that the constitution did not provide protection from slavery. This was not the failing of an unsympathetic court, it was a shortcoming in the constitution. But our founders had made provisions for the constitution to be fixed as the future would dictate. The decision ultimately led to the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments which constitutionally guaranteed citizenship and equal rights for African-Americans and former slaves. Other decisions by the court have been viewed by history as contrary to freedom and liberty. In some of these cases, the court has overturned a previous ruling as changing times have dictated. Two such cases were Plessey vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. Board of Education. Plessey vs. Ferguson argued for definition of equality as guaranteed by the 14th amendment. The case was brought when Plessey, a Louisiana black, was arrested for violating the Separate Car Act. He had challenged the law that legalized segregation in public transportation and elsewhere. The court upheld Louisiana's segregationist laws under a finding that came to be known as

Collective Bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collective Bargaining - Essay Example Collective bargaining is the bargaining or negotiation taking place between an employer and a group of workers so as to determine the circumstances of employment. These negotiations occurring, results in a collective agreement. The employees are represented by the union leaders at the negotiation. Federal and state laws govern collective bargaining. When federal and state law overlaps, state laws are enforced. (collective bargaining) Collective bargaining can also be defined as a tool used by people to end a conflict, in a way that both parties can have the benefit from negotiation. It is widely used in organizations to settle various issues between the employee and the employer. It is a technique in which the negotiation taking place between two parties, result in an official or unofficial agreement. It is a process of the human resource system in which the employee or their representative take part in the discussion with the higher authority or the employer and put forward the claims and the demand of their co-workers. Collective bargaining has served as an important apparatus for providing a democratic organization to the employees where they can barter with the employer for their basic needs. It has helped solving many organizational issues like reducing inequality, increasing pay rate of employees and improving the organizational environment for employees. It is the system which gives the authority to a skilled worker to put forward his demand at the industrial level. This system was the result of the influence of the rapidly advancing organizational structure, which also illustrated the importance of the rights of labor. EXAMPLE: Some workers or employees have to carry pagers during the off-duty hour, in order to respond to the emergencies. As the result of collective bargaining agreements, all the employees carrying pagers during the off-duty hours were given extra pay of five weeks,  whether they are paged or not. If an

Stat-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stat-1 - Essay Example d) No, the budgets for such home improvement jobs must be not exactly normally distributed for the confidence interval I obtained in part (b) to be approximately correct. Since, the sample is random and is greater than 30 (n≠¥30) i.e. large enough therefore we can apply Central Limit Theorem for a Mean, therefore we can assume budgets for such home improvements jobs are approximately normally distributed. The 95.44% confidence interval for ÃŽ ¼ ($2,483.04 The typing skills of recent applicants are not good, because 99% confidence interval for the mean number of words input per minute by recent applicants lies entirely below 70. It should be above or approximately equal to 70. b) The 95% confidence interval for the mean calcium intake, ÃŽ ¼, of all adults with incomes below the poverty level is 860.54 mg b) The confidence interval found in part (a) is shorter than the one in Exercise 8.32 because in this case Sample standard deviation 171.99 mg is too small as compared to population standard deviation 188mg. However, in general, using t increases the confidence level slightly as compared to using z. b) The 90% confidence interval for the mean plasma level of adrenomedullin, ÃŽ ¼ for all women with recurrent pregnancy loss is 5.080 < ÃŽ ¼ < 6.120 pmol/l. There is a probability of 0.90 that an interval constructed this way will contain the mean plasma level of adrenomedullin, ÃŽ ¼ for all women with recurrent pregnancy

Collective Bargaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collective Bargaining - Essay Example Collective bargaining is the bargaining or negotiation taking place between an employer and a group of workers so as to determine the circumstances of employment. These negotiations occurring, results in a collective agreement. The employees are represented by the union leaders at the negotiation. Federal and state laws govern collective bargaining. When federal and state law overlaps, state laws are enforced. (collective bargaining) Collective bargaining can also be defined as a tool used by people to end a conflict, in a way that both parties can have the benefit from negotiation. It is widely used in organizations to settle various issues between the employee and the employer. It is a technique in which the negotiation taking place between two parties, result in an official or unofficial agreement. It is a process of the human resource system in which the employee or their representative take part in the discussion with the higher authority or the employer and put forward the claims and the demand of their co-workers. Collective bargaining has served as an important apparatus for providing a democratic organization to the employees where they can barter with the employer for their basic needs. It has helped solving many organizational issues like reducing inequality, increasing pay rate of employees and improving the organizational environment for employees. It is the system which gives the authority to a skilled worker to put forward his demand at the industrial level. This system was the result of the influence of the rapidly advancing organizational structure, which also illustrated the importance of the rights of labor. EXAMPLE: Some workers or employees have to carry pagers during the off-duty hour, in order to respond to the emergencies. As the result of collective bargaining agreements, all the employees carrying pagers during the off-duty hours were given extra pay of five weeks,  whether they are paged or not. If an

Transactional and Transformational Leadership Assignment - 1

Transactional and Transformational Leadership - Assignment Example Transformational and transactional leadership relate to trait theory, skills approach, and the behavioral perspective in a number of ways. The trait theory primarily dwells on the fact that leader’s personality influences their levels of performance at the workplace (Laureate Education, 2012). Thus, as a leader may be applying his innate skills of leadership he can choose to incorporate the transformational approach. The transformational approach comes in through motivation of the employees to working hard towards ensuring that the overall objectives set are achieved (Danforth et al., 2010). The leader can also use the transformational approach to make his subjects likeminded and aligned towards achieving the set objects. As well, the transactional theory may be used in the traits theory to offer supervision and controlling of employees. This approach can be adopted when the leader is seeking to find quality results by supervising the manner in which the employees work. The skills approach takes into account the knowledge and skills of the leader. Most of this knowledge is obtained from learning and experience from previous work. Looking at the skills approach vis a vis the transactional and transformational approach, it is evident that the two styles can be used together to enhance the productivity of the employees. A skillful leader may adopt the transformational approach in encouraging and motivating the employees to work hard towards achieving the intended objectives. Relatively, the transactional approach can be adopted in the skill theory when the leader intends to supervise the manner in which the employees work (Eliyana, 2010). The transactional leadership, therefore, enables the leader to take control of the work environment and monitor closely what the employees are doing. The behavioral perspective of leadership can also be used together with the transformational and transactional leadership.

Arranged Marriages Essay Example for Free

Arranged Marriages Essay Love is a many splendored thing: well thats what Ive heard. Eyes meet, birds sing, hearts beat and the world turns upside down; unless you are in a arranged marriage. Only the parents are happy, and of course we want our parents to be happy but at whose expense? For centuries arranged marriages were a tradition and in some cultures they still are. There may be a good reason why arranged marriages are good for the people in the east. However today, arranged marriages are still ongoing because its traditional, I dont think thats a good tradition. I mean celebrating New Years Eve in Times Square New York is a good tradition. Its a good tradition because I feel and know that no one ever gets hurt celebrating New Years Eve. Arranged marriages can hurt and deny a persons certain civil rights. There are plenty of cultures where there are no such things as civil or human rights but it still doesnt make it right. Arranged marriages are a tradition from a past era, I believe that arranged marriages are a way of controlling people, especially women. Around the world there has been a custom or tradition of subjugating women. Eastern cultures or religions believe that it is their right to make women 2nd class citizens. To me it means much more, like controlling a life. If you have the desire to control women and to control their lives start with the marriage. In the western societies they tend to frown upon that kind of control inflicted upon women. Im sure that women tend to frown upon that as well, any control over anyone is frowned upon. There must be a certain lack of respect for both the bride and groom in arranged marriages, these marriage ideas might be old but who said that theyre a good idea? Some traditions should be destroyed faster than a Scotsman can clean out a free bar at a wedding reception. Arranged marriages are one of those traditions. Romeo and Juliet is a classic example of why arranged marriages are outdated and ends in tragedy. Those times required most young women and men to enter into a relationship, that werent of their own choice, but their parents. You would not think that in todays society that arranged marriages still existed, however the parents are still planning their childrens life; albeit, the children are adults. The purpose of this is to maintain the wealth for both families. If the case was that a young girl was being made to marry a adult male, that is being labelled as paedophilia. Yet in India or in the east it is still ongoing and it doesnt make a difference, here in England its a different story for that matter and is illegal. These children are brainwashed into believing that this is normal and that love or any other emotion is not their right but to blindly allow the wishes of their parents. We have not stepped forward in time but have fallen into biblical proportions. That may have sounded too descriptive (biblical proportions), but we have to realize that in biblical times children were married off to other family members for the purpose of continuing their ancestors and that was thousands of years ago and yet its still happening in todays society. One might consider that arranged marriages are more like a business deal than a true marriage, often with the engaged couple being used as pawns on a chess game. Marriage should not be only a business proposition. Call me a hopeless romantic but I dont believe that two people can be truly happy together unless it was themselves who saw valuable qualities in their partner, what is more is that it completely defies the law of nature. More importantly a marriage should be based on usual trust and affection, as well as common goals. Anything less than that and all you end up with is an emotionless, false union. Arranged marriages are a mockery or the true nature of marriage, a worthless document to be filed into our court systems. What is love? That is said to be one of the hardest questions to be answered as many people dont know what it is. In all truth I dont think anyone knows the answer unless they are in love and even so its a unexplainable feeling that someone cant describe to another. You can only know what it is when you are in it. In a arranged marriage I feel that you cant find that love feeling between the two people in the relationship. As I said earlier we do want to make our parents happy and yes theyre the ones that know whats best for us and only want us to make the right decisions. But I dont think they know or understand that even though they might think the man/women were going to marry may not be the right choice, were in love with them. Whatever love is. We care about them and at the time you know that you want to be with them for the rest of your life and most importantly theyre yours forever and youre theirs. And it doesnt matter what people say and if they disagree with your choice. Because you know what you want and thats him/her. But this is not what you get in a arranged marriage. In a arranged marriage I would imagine that the woman would feel somehow trapped, thats how Id feel if I was in the situation. Id be so cooped up on trying to keep my parents happy and not being able to express how I felt to anyone and would feel as if it were my duty. If more couples were matched up through class, education, family background, life goals and earnings Thats quoted from a women called Aneela Rahman. She was on BBCs 2 programme Arrange Me a Marriage. The programme was about finding a partner for each contestant she had, she had one month to match someone with another. Traditions are one thing but outdated, irrational, new age slavery is another thing, I realize that whether you marry for love or not, it can either turn out good or bad, but there should be the opportunity of choice not mandatory rule. On the whole I am against arranged marriages. I think that it is not needed to please parents and not the actual bride and groom. If you want your children to get married and fall in love then let them do it in their own time. Its not something that can be rushed into and found straight away or first time round. Love should be experienced and not just felt.

SYMPTOMS Signs and Symbolism in Medical Discourse :: Essays Papers

SYMPTOMS Signs and Symbolism in Medical Discourse Whether it is regarded as disease or illness, whether it occurs in a society practicing biomedicine or a culture practicing indigenous medicine, sickness is universal. Diseases and illnesses of all types plague each and every society throughout the world. Central to the idea of sickness is the diagnostic element of the symptom. Although many cultures have unique ideologies regarding sickness, healing, and efficacy, these cultures use the symptom as the primary instrument to maintain their culturally constructed idea of health. Regardless of the healing system or society, globally, people tend to use the symptom as a tool to communicate illness to the appropriate medical practitioner. In seeking the healing action of practitioners and the advice of friends and family, the sick communicate their symptoms as a way of receiving social legitimization for their illness. Thus, symptoms are also used by the sick to gain legitimization of the sick role from society. Just as culture is integrated in the beliefs and behaviors of every society, symptoms are deeply embedded in the concept of sickness and healing. Symptoms add clarity to the complex ideas of sickness and healing in such a way that it is difficult to discuss either process without touching on these symbols. The symptom is regarded as a vital part of the illness experience because it offers insight into the physiological and psychological aspects of the patient’s body. In this way, the symptom symbolizes the roots of a tree, anchoring a societal understanding of medical knowledge and healing etiologies. Therefore, it is the purpose of this paper to explore the significance of symptoms and determine their centrality to a culture’s ideas of sickness and healing. Related topics such as the symptom’s significance in the process of social legitimization of illness and its symbolic nature will serve to supplement and support the argument that symptoms ar e, in fact, central in the process of healing. Definition and Importance of the Symptom Due to the intricacy of the symptom, it is difficult to construct a simple definition. Illness symptoms are â€Å"differently labeled by individuals in dissimilar social situations† (Browner 1983: 494).

Annabel Lee Essay -- Literary Analysis, Edgar Allan Poe

A great poem shocks us into another order of perception. It points beyond language to something still more essential. It ushers us into an experience so moving and true that we feel at ease. In bad or indifferent poetry, words are all there is. Edgar Allan Poe’s poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† is a great poem, not because it is popular or it is classic, but because of its underlining message. â€Å"Annabel Lee† is a poem of death, love, and beauty. It captures the narrator’s interpretation of these three ideas through his feelings and thoughts for one woman. The narrator, Edgar Allan Poe, becomes infatuated at a young age with the character in the poem, Annabel Lee. Even after she passes away, his love for her only increases and only becomes stronger, revealing that they were meant to last forever. So, it is clear that in â€Å"Annabel Lee† Edgar Allan Poe depicts the death of a lovely woman, his lovely woman in words of eternal love. It all started â€Å"many and many a year ago, in a kingdom by the sea† (Poe 1-2). They fell in love when they were just little children in the kingdom by the sea, which portrays a fantasy setting. It makes it seem like a fairy tale, like a paradise on Earth, not very real, not very true, but Poe shows otherwise. The fantasy setting intensifies their relationship and also indicates that both Annabel Lee and Poe came from two different worlds, but through love, it became easy to see each other as a union of both places. They â€Å"loved with a love that was more than love† (Poe 9), a love so strong and powerful that nothing could come in between. In fact, the emotion they shared amongst each other was more than just love. â€Å"But our love it was stronger by far than the love† (Poe 27). That emotion was far greater than ... ... eternal and alive. â€Å"Annabel Lee†, by Edgar Allan Poe, is a work of art portraying loss, love, and beauty. The narrator, Poe, grieves over the loss of his one true love, his lovely woman. Every thought, every feeling, and every dream that he encountered, had so much to do with the love he shared with his darling. She was the dearest to him, so dear that she was his entire life. Without her, there was nothing in his life; his life was left empty, blank, and hollow. For this, he could not see himself separated by her and therefore, he kept her by his side through everything. The highest of angels, known as â€Å"winged seraphs of Heaven† (Poe 11), couldn’t even come between them. They had something special, something that was ignorant to all bad, and something that was just innocent and pure. They had the emotions, feelings, and experience of everlasting love.

I am malala

Independent Reading l. Cultural Connections Mall Housefly is the protagonist, narrator, and author of I Am Mall. She is born into a religious Pakistan family in Swat during a time of women oppression. Housefly makes a point to write about her happiness and freedom before Taliban took over. Her Pakistan heritage encourages many cultural traditions including dressing conservatively. Women are instructed to show respect by wearing bursas, which covered their face and body. The role of women is to cook and care for their families, â€Å"We'd [women] be expected to cook and serve our brothers and fathers.While boys and men could roam freely about town, my mother and I could not go out without a male relative to accompany us, even if it was a five-year-old boy! This was the tradition† (26). Mall is a smart girl who had correct morals and beliefs. Her two priorities are religion and education. Mall does not agree with Taliban laws, including the emphasis of education only available f or men. Mammal's father, too, believes that such a thing was wrong. Her father and the holy Quern support her to stick up for what she believed in.She speaks on behalf of the community and those ho were afraid to speak up, â€Å"The more interviews I gave, the stronger I felt and more support we received† (141). This courage leads her to win the Noble Peace Prize. Written in her perspective, Mall uses many of her own experiences throughout the novel. â€Å"She [Amoeba] always says, ‘l have four brothers, and if I do even the slightest thing wrong they can stop me from going to school† (77). Mall explains both the history of women oppression and her own personal experiences to depict the horrible conditions in Pakistan.II. Vocabulary in Context Charisma: compelling charm that can inspire devotion in others; â€Å"Even today people elk of Mr.. Bout as a man of great charisma† (20). This word attracted me because it is in 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It promotes Mr.. Bathtub's character. Chapatti: unleavened flattered made from flour and water; â€Å"My mother made our usual breakfast of sugary tea, chapattis, and fried egg† (118). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the food Mammal's culture ate on a normal day.Martyr: a person who is killed because of their religious beliefs; â€Å"Some of the girls refused, saying that their teachers had taught them that to become a martyr s a glorious thing† (66). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It encourages religion as the number one priority in their culture. Unexamined: Islamic soldiers; â€Å"The unexamined will find you wherever you go' (105). I chose this word because it is an Urdu term. It describes the threat to Mammal's father, telling him to shut down his school.Blasphemous: profound; â€Å"Muslims widely considered it blasphemous and it provoked so much outrage that it seemed people were talking of little el se† (27). I chose this word because it reminded me of ‘lurid' from 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It describes how angry Muslims were about the book published that was considered a parody of the Prophet's life. Burma: a long garment that covers everything from head to toe that Muslim women wear in public; â€Å"Wearing a Burma is like walking inside big fabric shuttlecock with only a grille to see through and on hot days it's like an oven† (37).This word attracted me because it was surrounded by similes. It describes the clothing women had to wear, supporting the idea that women do not have it easy. Aba: affectionate Urdu term meaning â€Å"father†; â€Å"Aba, I am confused. ‘ I told my father† (101). This word attracted me because ABA means father in Hebrew, too. This word describes how Mall was bilingual as sometimes she refers to her father in Urdu. Barbaric: exceedingly brutal; â€Å"If anything the Taliban became even more barbaricâ⠂¬  (86). This word attracted me because my brother used to use it frequently in his vocabulary.This word describes how cruel and powerful the Taliban became. Commiserated: express sympathy or pity; â€Å"When I was born, people in our village commiserated with my mother and nobody congratulated my father† (1). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the tragedy that it was to be a girl at the time. Autonomous: having self- government; â€Å"†¦ We went with the newly created Pakistan but stayed autonomous† (13). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it.It is used to describe the independence once Britain divided from India. Ill. Writers' reflection: Throughout the novel, despite all of her misfortunes, Mall manages to keep a strong and optimistic attitude. Even in the hospital while she was struggling to survive, Mall does not want to seek revenge on the people that hurt her, â€Å"I didn't even think a single bad tho ught about the man who shot me-?I had no thoughts of revenge-?I Just wanted to go back to Swat. I wanted to go home† (282). This quotation shows how Mall never had bad intentions.She believes that if one takes revenge for wrongdoings done to them, the fighting would go on and on, â€Å"There is no time limit† (39). Mammal's writing is consistent in that she effectively delivered personal and emotional stories. She uses figurative language including imagery and similes to create a picture in readers' minds to help them further understand her perspective, Our words were like the eucalyptus blossoms of spring tossed away on the wind† (142). This quotation explains how her voice was not heard right away.It took time and effort, and so will most things people speak up for. She teaches readers not to give up on what matters to them. She uses a metaphor to describe the relationship between her and her father . â€Å"†¦ L was his universe† (246). Together, the y worked to get their voices heard. The diction throughout the novel is mostly informal. However, towards the end when she wins the award and meets highly respected officials, her beech becomes more formal, â€Å"l will request you all, and I will request that if you can help us in our education, so please help us† (184).Overall, I enjoyed Houseboat's story. I think that she shared many important lessons. Reading the book in her perspective opened my eyes and made me grateful to have as much freedom as I do. It amazes me that I am the same age as Mall, for she has accomplished so much in her life. Mall Yugoslavia is an inspiration to me and an inspiration to all. I am malala Independent Reading l. Cultural Connections Mall Housefly is the protagonist, narrator, and author of I Am Mall. She is born into a religious Pakistan family in Swat during a time of women oppression. Housefly makes a point to write about her happiness and freedom before Taliban took over. Her Pakistan heritage encourages many cultural traditions including dressing conservatively. Women are instructed to show respect by wearing bursas, which covered their face and body. The role of women is to cook and care for their families, â€Å"We'd [women] be expected to cook and serve our brothers and fathers.While boys and men could roam freely about town, my mother and I could not go out without a male relative to accompany us, even if it was a five-year-old boy! This was the tradition† (26). Mall is a smart girl who had correct morals and beliefs. Her two priorities are religion and education. Mall does not agree with Taliban laws, including the emphasis of education only available f or men. Mammal's father, too, believes that such a thing was wrong. Her father and the holy Quern support her to stick up for what she believed in.She speaks on behalf of the community and those ho were afraid to speak up, â€Å"The more interviews I gave, the stronger I felt and more support we received† (141). This courage leads her to win the Noble Peace Prize. Written in her perspective, Mall uses many of her own experiences throughout the novel. â€Å"She [Amoeba] always says, ‘l have four brothers, and if I do even the slightest thing wrong they can stop me from going to school† (77). Mall explains both the history of women oppression and her own personal experiences to depict the horrible conditions in Pakistan.II. Vocabulary in Context Charisma: compelling charm that can inspire devotion in others; â€Å"Even today people elk of Mr.. Bout as a man of great charisma† (20). This word attracted me because it is in 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It promotes Mr.. Bathtub's character. Chapatti: unleavened flattered made from flour and water; â€Å"My mother made our usual breakfast of sugary tea, chapattis, and fried egg† (118). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the food Mammal's culture ate on a normal day.Martyr: a person who is killed because of their religious beliefs; â€Å"Some of the girls refused, saying that their teachers had taught them that to become a martyr s a glorious thing† (66). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It encourages religion as the number one priority in their culture. Unexamined: Islamic soldiers; â€Å"The unexamined will find you wherever you go' (105). I chose this word because it is an Urdu term. It describes the threat to Mammal's father, telling him to shut down his school.Blasphemous: profound; â€Å"Muslims widely considered it blasphemous and it provoked so much outrage that it seemed people were talking of little el se† (27). I chose this word because it reminded me of ‘lurid' from 100 Words to Make You Sound Smart. It describes how angry Muslims were about the book published that was considered a parody of the Prophet's life. Burma: a long garment that covers everything from head to toe that Muslim women wear in public; â€Å"Wearing a Burma is like walking inside big fabric shuttlecock with only a grille to see through and on hot days it's like an oven† (37).This word attracted me because it was surrounded by similes. It describes the clothing women had to wear, supporting the idea that women do not have it easy. Aba: affectionate Urdu term meaning â€Å"father†; â€Å"Aba, I am confused. ‘ I told my father† (101). This word attracted me because ABA means father in Hebrew, too. This word describes how Mall was bilingual as sometimes she refers to her father in Urdu. Barbaric: exceedingly brutal; â€Å"If anything the Taliban became even more barbaricâ⠂¬  (86). This word attracted me because my brother used to use it frequently in his vocabulary.This word describes how cruel and powerful the Taliban became. Commiserated: express sympathy or pity; â€Å"When I was born, people in our village commiserated with my mother and nobody congratulated my father† (1). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it. It describes the tragedy that it was to be a girl at the time. Autonomous: having self- government; â€Å"†¦ We went with the newly created Pakistan but stayed autonomous† (13). This word attracted me because I was unfamiliar with it.It is used to describe the independence once Britain divided from India. Ill. Writers' reflection: Throughout the novel, despite all of her misfortunes, Mall manages to keep a strong and optimistic attitude. Even in the hospital while she was struggling to survive, Mall does not want to seek revenge on the people that hurt her, â€Å"I didn't even think a single bad tho ught about the man who shot me-?I had no thoughts of revenge-?I Just wanted to go back to Swat. I wanted to go home† (282). This quotation shows how Mall never had bad intentions.She believes that if one takes revenge for wrongdoings done to them, the fighting would go on and on, â€Å"There is no time limit† (39). Mammal's writing is consistent in that she effectively delivered personal and emotional stories. She uses figurative language including imagery and similes to create a picture in readers' minds to help them further understand her perspective, Our words were like the eucalyptus blossoms of spring tossed away on the wind† (142). This quotation explains how her voice was not heard right away.It took time and effort, and so will most things people speak up for. She teaches readers not to give up on what matters to them. She uses a metaphor to describe the relationship between her and her father . â€Å"†¦ L was his universe† (246). Together, the y worked to get their voices heard. The diction throughout the novel is mostly informal. However, towards the end when she wins the award and meets highly respected officials, her beech becomes more formal, â€Å"l will request you all, and I will request that if you can help us in our education, so please help us† (184).Overall, I enjoyed Houseboat's story. I think that she shared many important lessons. Reading the book in her perspective opened my eyes and made me grateful to have as much freedom as I do. It amazes me that I am the same age as Mall, for she has accomplished so much in her life. Mall Yugoslavia is an inspiration to me and an inspiration to all.

To Drill or Not to Drill

To drill or not to drill; I say not to drill. Americans need to not be dependant on any other person for their energy usage. We moved to this beautiful country to assert our independence and yet we feel we have to bow down to other countries for what we need. I feel we should find other ways to get our fuel like ethanol. We can make our own fuel and even if it cost more we no longer have to fight for our fuel. We can make our ethanol from corn husk and not the actual kernel so it would not interfere with the increase of food prices. To many people ethanol is the choice and I agree. There are other ways to get energy by solar and wind and water but they are not as popular and are more costly. Although, when used with the ethanol we can reduce greatly our dependence on other countries: which is what we should be doing. Solar energy is getting our energy from the sun. Solar powered businesses are one way we can help. Wind mills supply energy as well. Also, nuclear plants are another way to supply energy but it is not a popular way. I feel strongly against drilling for oil in Alaska and depleting our fossil fuels. Not only do we disturb nature and its inhabitants but we need to find a better way to supply our energy needs. I know I am being biased and I am unsure how to change my opinion to see the other side for I feel we as Americans run on greed so many times and jump into what we need now and do not look at what the effects will be farther in the future. I need to look more closely at both sides of the picture but right now the cost of fuel is so much Americans are having to choose between milk for their children or gasoline to get to work. Maybe more people should go back to horse and buggies or ride a bike to work.

Influence of Culture Versus Communication

First of all, defining â€Å"organizational culture is what employees perceive and how this perception creates a pattern of beliefs, values, and expectation (Matteson, 2002)†.Of course, any group or organization or human beings which gets together for a purpose has a kind of assumption invented, discovered or developed to learn and cope any issues/problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has a valuable to be thought to new members as a correct way to perceive, to think and to feel in relation to those issues/problems. At the other hand, communication is glue that holds organization together. Without this valuable interaction, nothing can be perceived, created and everyone in the organization would act as differently with no control for an unsustainable result. The two have a relationship because, for the organization to be effective, it has to have an effective communicator in the group who must understand not only general interpretation communication concepts, but also the characteristic of interpersonal communication within the organization or organizational communication. Since influencing is the process of guiding the activities of the organization members in the right and appropriate directions with effectiveness, there is ample coloration between both, the organizational culture and communication. Without the communication, nothing can be considered, encouraged, motivated, leaded, thought, understood and leaded. For and an appropriate organization. For a formal or informal culture within an organization, the input portions are: people, money, raw materials, and machines. The process seems to be the influence process where the consideration of the group, the motivation of the group, leading as managers to supervision, encouraging the group who after all understood through the communication.

Distribution channel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Distribution channel - Essay Example Efficient distribution channel is essential for every business as it allows smooth movement of the product from producer to the final consumer. Majority organizations make use of intermediaries including retailers, sales persons and wholesalers to sell their product to the final consumers. In my view, the best way of getting your product to the market is through having your own distribution channel. Advertising through internet will certainly help increase sales and reduce cost. Dell Computers, without any third party’s assistance has been selling its product through internet and is quite successful. There is a possibility that the third party’s involvement in the distribution might disrupt availability of the product to the customers on time due to hoarding or personal benefits or even might result in inability or failure to meet the targets. Role of advertising in the marketing process Advertising is basically a marketing communication channel through which a product is communicated to the target consumers. Today, media has advanced so much that the message can be disseminated throughout the world in seconds. Hence, the role of advertising in the marketing process has also increased world-wide.

The history of a technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The history of a technology - Research Paper Example To put in more bluntly, Cooper’s history of air conditioning refers to the human history of managing or controlling the atmosphere in relation to man’s needs. The history of air conditioning as the history of air becomes apparent in the debate on whether or not windows should be close in exchange for mechanical system; this debate largely transpired in the 1970s. As if following Cooper’s idea of air conditioning, Arora (2009) traces its history from Leonardo da Vinci’s 15th-century ventilating fan. This ventilating fan lessens the experience of heat generated by the natural weather. In the 17th and 19th centuries, Boyle and Dalton were able to find the scientific laws involving heat or gasses. Arora (2009) notes that it was Robert Buchanan in the 1815 who first wrote into text pertaining to the theories of heating and ventilating. On the other hand, Whitman, Johnson, and Tomczyk (2005) define the notion of air conditioning not only as an air filtration and ventilation but also as a â€Å"space cooling, heating, humidification, [and] dehumidification.† Following this definition, they state that the first â€Å"air conditioning† (i.e., storing natural ice) occurred in 1000 B.C. ... It is interesting that Whitman et al. (2005) put the time line, in a visual representation, of the history of air conditioning from the 1800s (p. xxvi). Here, they appear to view the concept of air conditioning in its present understanding. Of Scientific Theories There are several scientific theories and/or laws that predate the theory characterized in the modern-day air conditioning. So-called Charles’s Law and the Law of Partial Pressures are Dalton’s contributions to the understanding of temperature, pressure, and gasses. The former refers to the proportional expansion of gases given an equal increase of temperature at constant pressure; the latter points to the independent exertion of gasses, as if they are the â€Å"only gas[es] present,† upon their mixture â€Å"in a closed vessel† (Weber, 2000). Charles’s Law helps comprehend the phenomenon occurring within and outside the present-day air conditioner when temperature increases or decreases. M oreover, The Law of Partial Pressures provides a greater depth in understanding the gases that come in and go out from the air conditioning machine. However, the theory of present-day notion of air conditioning is traced highly to Michael Faraday’s 19th-century equation concerning gases and constant pressure. According to Freudenberger (2006), today’s scientists are able to figure out the quantitative measurement of the absolute zero: -273.15 degrees Celsius. In this theoretical state, cold is very much evident while heat is utterly absent. In Thermodynamics, heat is a form of energy. Since the theory of cold signifies the absence of heat, then the law of heat is quite essential in fully comprehending the nature of cold or cooling. In explaining the processes involved in

Qualative Analysis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qualative Analysis - Lab Report Example At the end of the practical it was possible to establish the cations present in our unknown sample #19. Qualitative analysis is a method in analytical chemistry which involves the identifying of unknowns in a given solution. It is important in chemistry especially when one is dealing with unknown mixtures to be able to establish the solution properties and the methods of separation if you need to separate. In the general Laboratory set up, qualitative analysis is aimed at getting a deeper understanding of the cations and also learns how to handle them and detect them effectively when in any solution. The main hypothetical question in qualitative analysis is whether a certain cation is present in a given solution. To prove that hypothesis null, then a series of chemical reactions are conducted and the color changes are mainly used to establish their presence. It should be noted that many cations will have similar color changes and so a series of subsequent reactions are used in the detection of a certain cation (Page & Foster 11). In this lab we divided the cations to be characterized into two sub groups, this was done by selective precipitation. The precipitate was then separated physically be centrifuging as it settles out and the supernatant liquid decanted. This was the first step where the large group was separated into smaller groups so that a definitive test can be performed to verify the presence or absence of a specific cation. The cations were classified into two groups according to their ability to dissolve. Group A had ( Bi+3, Fe+3 and Mn+2) while group B had (Al+3, Cr+3 and Sn+4) which were to be used in the two labs. The ions were in a combined unknown solution and they were to be analyzed to establish the cations present. To be sure where any of the cations was present in the solution it was important to run a number of procedures that are described below. In test 1, Mn+2 ions were confirmed present. In the addition of NaBiO3 the color of

Innovation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Innovation - Assignment Example Consequently, innovation was a prerogative of commercial organizations that used their employee talent to bring out new products and ideas that they could market for profit (Pearce, 2012). In this document, a review of the literature on open innovation is presented followed by experience of the author of this paper, who participated in a project at openIDEO, an open innovation platform. The term Open Innovation was first introduced by Chesbrough who indicated that open innovation "is a paradigm shift in approach of organizations that need to consider external and internal ideas along with external and internal path to develop a collaborative approach and advance knowledge in the field by introducing practical and innovative approaches to problem solving" (Chesbrough, 2003, p. 17). Open innovation creates a mutually beneficial relationship since both the firm that sponsors open innovation projects and individuals or smaller firms that participate, gain through generation of designs, and present ideas that meet the requirements (Chesbrough, and Eichenholz, 2013). Open innovation is different from outsourcing where existing products are given out on contractual manufacturing and vendors must produce the components as per specifications (Terwiesch, 2008). In open innovation forum, the administrator presents a problem and participants must offer their answers. A diversi ty of opinions is needed and the firm may examine several alternatives from among the solutions offered, pick up an idea that appears most suitable, and place the selected idea for refinement (Levine and Prietula, 2013). While open innovation is a good concept, certain problems are apparent. Some of the main problems are legal issues and the lack of privacy and confidentiality in the forum. Another problem is that requirements for the project and details of the selected design are available for even rival firms.

Evidence of Marketing Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 16

Evidence of Marketing Failure - Essay Example The researcher states that it is essential for each and every brand to undergo a sophisticated marketing strategy and execute the same so that the customers become brand loyal. However, it is to be noted that if brands fail to do marketing in an adequate manner and if there is any loophole in the marketing process, then this may lead to drastic fall of the brand. In this regard, there are certain brands in the world that have undergone certain marketing strategies and has drastically failed. Simultaneously, this has significantly affected the brand image of the organization and hence, incurred a tremendous amount of loss. Throughout the world, there have been several pieces of evidence of marketing failures that have taken place in the recent times. This is prominent because of the lack of understanding of the consequences of the marketing strategy. There also have been cases regarding lack of adequate implementations of the strategy that has led to marketing failures and hence, resu lted in the drastic fall and loss to the organization. Marketing failure can be significantly observed in case of New York Times in December 2011. In this regard, the New York Times on that period was about to sent an email to all the customers, who were about to cancel their subscription from New York Times. The email contained about some of the added facilities and discounts from them so that the organization retains those customers in the long run. The email was required to be sent to 300 of such customers. The task was given to one of the employees of the organization. Unfortunately, the employee unintentionally delivered the email to 8 million customers. Due to this 8 million of the customers demanded a discount. It has resulted into a chaos within the organization and all its stakeholders. However, the employee and the organization had taken apologies for sending such kind of emails to its customers.

Major Managerial Skills Needed by Every Supervisor Essay Example for Free

Major Managerial Skills Needed by Every Supervisor Essay 1.Identify the major managerial skills needed by every supervisor. Why are these important? The major managerial skills are technical, human relations, administrative, conceptual, leadership, political and emotional intelligence skills. The Managerial skills which are required by managers working at different levels of management. The top-level managers require more conceptual skills and less technical skills. The lower-level managers require more technical skills and fewer conceptual skills. Human relations skills are required equally by all three levels of management. Technical Skills A technical skill is the ability to perform the given job. Technical skills help the managers to use different machines and tools. It also helps them to use various procedures and techniques. The low-level managers require more technical skills. This is because they are in charge of the actual operations. Human relations Skills Human relations skills are also called Interpersonal skills. It is an ability to work with people. It helps the managers to understand, communicate and work with others. It also helps the managers to lead, motivate and develop team spirit. Human relations skills are required by all managers at all levels of management. This is so, since all managers have to interact and work with people. Administrative Skills Administrative skills are required at the top-level management. The top-level managers should know how to make plans and policies. They should also know how to get the work done. They should be able to co-ordinate different activities of the organization. They should also be able to control the full organization. Conceptual Skills Conceptual skill is the ability to visualize the organization as a whole. It includes Analytical, Creative and Initiative skills. It helps the manager to identify the causes of the problems and not the symptoms. It helps him or her to solve the problems for the benefit of the entire organization. It helps the manager to fix goals for the whole organization and to plan for every situation. Leadership Skills The development of a leadership style that emphasizes collaboration, trust, and empathy; engages followers in all aspects of the organizational; and helps followers to better themselves. Political skills the savvy to ascertain the hidden rules of the organizational game and to recognize the roles various people play in getting things done outside and to formal organizational channels. Emotional intelligence skills The â€Å"intelligent† use of your emotions to help guide your behavior and thinking in ways that enhance your results. You can maximize your emotional intelligence by developing good communication skills, interpersonal relationship, and mentoring relationships. 2. Summarize the difficulties supervisors face in fulfilling managerial roles. The supervisory position is difficult and demanding role. Supervisors are â€Å"people in the middle† that between higher-level managers and employees. In illustrate many of the challenges a supervisors faces, effective supervisors must be adaptable and be able to maintain their perspective in the face or rapidly changing conditions. The supervisors must also be a competent subordinate to higher-level managers. In this role, the supervisors must to be a good follower. The position of any supervisors has two main requirements. Fist the supervisors must have a good working knowledge of the jobs to be performed. Second, and more significant, the supervisors must be able to manage the department. It is the supervisor’s managerial competence that usually determines the effectiveness of his or her performance. 3. Explain the difference between management and leadership. †¢The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing. †¢The manager relies on control; the leader inspires trust. †¢The manager focuses on systems and structures; the leader focuses on people. †¢The manager administers; the leader innovates. †¢The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and why. †¢The manager accepts the status quo; the leader challenges it. 4. What are the obstacles that the supervisor may encounter when trying to gain cooperation by coordinating the department’s various activities? †¢Developing and maintaining the problem control process †¢Reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of the problem control process †¢Producing management information †¢Allocating resources for the support effort †¢Monitoring the effectiveness of error control and making recommendations for improving it †¢Developing and maintaining problem and error control systems †¢Reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of proactive Problem Management activities. 5. Discuss why the supervisor should not attempt to ignore or circumvent the labor agreement, even if it seems like the right thing to do. As members of management, supervisors have the right and duty to make decisions. A labor agreement does not take away that right. However it does give the union a right to challenge a supervisor’s decision that the union believes to be a violation of the labor agreement. For example, virtually all labor agreements specify that management has the right to discipline and discharge for â€Å"just† (or â€Å"proper†) cause. The supervisor who follows â€Å"just cause† Standard for disciplinary action requiring tests of fairness and elements of normal due process, such as proper notification, investigation, sufficient evidence, and a penalty commensurate with the nature of the infraction.